From: Exercise Promotes Tissue Regeneration: Mechanisms Involved and Therapeutic Scope
Exercise types | Organ | Affected cell types | Effects | Molecular mechanism | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
4-week treadmill training | Muscle | Muscle satellite cells | Exercise induces MSC activation and protects proliferative MSCs against exhaustion | MAPK pathway | |
5-week treadmill running | Muscle | Muscle stem cells | Endurance exercise promotes self-renewal and inhibits differentiation in satellite cells | Metabolic reprogramming and respiratory inhibition | |
3-week voluntary wheel running | Muscle | Muscle stem cells | Exercise accelerates muscle repair in old animals and improves old MSC function | Activation of cyclin D1 represses TGFβ signaling | |
4-month treadmill running | Muscle | Muscle stem cells | The numbers of CD34+ /integrin-α7+ MSC and proliferating cells in the muscles and bone marrow were enhanced by exercise | AKT pathway that is activated by an adiponectin/AdipoR1 axis | |
2-week treadmill training | Muscle | Fibro-adipogenic Progenitors | Exercise induces FAP senescence and muscle regeneration | AMPK | |
4-day voluntary wheel running | Brain | Neural precursor cells and platelets | Running induces increase in precursor cell proliferation | Platelet factor 4 | |
7-day voluntary wheel running | Brain | Neural precursor cells | Running promotes both the proliferation and cell cycle exit of DCX(+) type-3 precursors | Notch1 activity | |
3-week voluntary wheel running | Brain | PVR neural stem cells | Voluntary exercise significantly increased NSC | Growth hormone | |
4-night voluntary wheel running | Brain | Neural precursor cells | Exercise recruits hiROS NPCs into proliferation | ROS and Nox2 | |
Voluntary wheel running | Brain | Neural precursor cells | Exercise enhances adult hippocampal neurogenesis | BDNF | |
6-week treadmill running | Brain | Oligodendrocyte precursor cells | Enhanced oligodendrocyte precursor cells proliferation | N/A | |
8-week voluntary wheel running | Heart | Endogenous cardiomyocyte | Exercise increases birth of new cardiomyocytes | miR-222 | |
3-week swimming | Heart | Endogenous cardiomyocyte | Exercise induces proliferation of cardiomyocytes | miR-17-3p | |
3-week voluntary wheel running or swimming | Heart | Endogenous cardiomyocyte | Exercise induces proliferation of cardiomyocytes | miR-222 | |
4-week swimming | Heart | Endogenous cardiomyocyte | Exercise induces proliferation of cardiomyocytes | N/A | |
2-week swimming | Heart | Endogenous cardiomyocyte | Exercise induces proliferation of cardiomyocytes | C/EBPβ and CITED4 | |
3-week swimming | Heart | Endogenous cardiomyocyte | Exercise induces proliferation of cardiomyocytes | LncCPhar, C/EBPβ, and ATF7 | |
4-week swimming | Heart | Endogenous cardiomyocyte | Exercise induces proliferation of cardiomyocytes | C/EBPβ, ADAR2, and miR-34a |