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Table 1 Different types of exercises and their effects on regeneration

From: Exercise Promotes Tissue Regeneration: Mechanisms Involved and Therapeutic Scope

Exercise types

Organ

Affected cell types

Effects

Molecular mechanism

References

4-week treadmill training

Muscle

Muscle satellite cells

Exercise induces MSC activation and protects proliferative MSCs against exhaustion

MAPK pathway

7

5-week treadmill running

Muscle

Muscle stem cells

Endurance exercise promotes self-renewal and inhibits differentiation in satellite cells

Metabolic reprogramming and respiratory inhibition

9

3-week voluntary wheel running

Muscle

Muscle stem cells

Exercise accelerates muscle repair in old animals and improves old MSC function

Activation of cyclin D1 represses TGFβ signaling

4

4-month treadmill running

Muscle

Muscle stem cells

The numbers of CD34+ /integrin-α7+ MSC and proliferating cells in the muscles and bone marrow were enhanced by exercise

AKT pathway that is activated by an adiponectin/AdipoR1 axis

8

2-week treadmill training

Muscle

Fibro-adipogenic Progenitors

Exercise induces FAP senescence and muscle regeneration

AMPK

13

4-day voluntary wheel running

Brain

Neural precursor cells and platelets

Running induces increase in precursor cell proliferation

Platelet factor 4

12

7-day voluntary wheel running

Brain

Neural precursor cells

Running promotes both the proliferation and cell cycle exit of DCX(+) type-3 precursors

Notch1 activity

35

3-week voluntary wheel running

Brain

PVR neural stem cells

Voluntary exercise significantly increased NSC

Growth hormone

37

4-night voluntary wheel running

Brain

Neural precursor cells

Exercise recruits hiROS NPCs into proliferation

ROS and Nox2

3

Voluntary wheel running

Brain

Neural precursor cells

Exercise enhances adult hippocampal neurogenesis

BDNF

36

6-week treadmill running

Brain

Oligodendrocyte precursor cells

Enhanced oligodendrocyte precursor cells proliferation

N/A

38

8-week voluntary wheel running

Heart

Endogenous cardiomyocyte

Exercise increases birth of new cardiomyocytes

miR-222

56

3-week swimming

Heart

Endogenous cardiomyocyte

Exercise induces proliferation of cardiomyocytes

miR-17-3p

60

3-week voluntary wheel running or swimming

Heart

Endogenous cardiomyocyte

Exercise induces proliferation of cardiomyocytes

miR-222

57

4-week swimming

Heart

Endogenous cardiomyocyte

Exercise induces proliferation of cardiomyocytes

N/A

61

2-week swimming

Heart

Endogenous cardiomyocyte

Exercise induces proliferation of cardiomyocytes

C/EBPβ and CITED4

62

3-week swimming

Heart

Endogenous cardiomyocyte

Exercise induces proliferation of cardiomyocytes

LncCPhar, C/EBPβ, and ATF7

70

4-week swimming

Heart

Endogenous cardiomyocyte

Exercise induces proliferation of cardiomyocytes

C/EBPβ, ADAR2, and miR-34a

58

  1. ADAR2: adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 2; AdipoR1: adiponectin receptor 1; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ATF7: activating transcription factor 7; BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; CITED4: CBP/p300-interacting transactivators with E [glutamic acid]/D [aspartic acid]-rich carboxyl-terminal domain 4; DCX: doublecortin; FAP: fibro-adipogenic progenitors; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; Notch 1: notch receptor 1; NPC: neural precursor cell; NSC: neural stem cell; Nox: NADPH-oxidizing enzyme; PVR: periventricular; ROS: reactive oxygen species; TGFβ: transforming growth factor β