Table 3 Meta-analytic results of the effects of balance exercises versus non-balance interventions on pain and function for people with patellofemoral pain (Q3)
Analysis | n Exp/Con | SMD (95% CI) | p value | I2 (%) | Level of Evidence | Egger’s test (p value) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pain (14 studies) | 439/398 | 0.82 (0.30–1.33) | 0.002 | 89 | Low | 0.054 |
 Trim-and-fill analysis (3 imputed studies) |  | 0.38 (− 0.28–1.03) | 0.259 | 93 | Low | 0.613 |
 Removing outliers (3 deleted studies) |  | 0.40 (0.04–0.76) | 0.028 | 73 | Low | 0.242 |
Function (PROMs—10 studies) | 333/291 | 0.45 (0.13–0.78) | 0.006 | 68 | Moderate | 0.082 |
Function (tests—5 studies) | 94/95 | 0.67 (− 0.04–1.38) | 0.065 | 82 | Very Low | NA |