Fig. 4
Meta-analyses of trunk kinematics and strength in individuals with PFP compared to controls. Trunk kinematics in the sagittal plane during running (A), stepping (B), and landing tasks (C). Trunk kinematics in the frontal plane during running (D), squatting (E), stepping (F), and landing tasks (G). Trunk kinematics in the transverse plane during landing tasks (H). (1) PFP and control groups with knee crepitus, PFP and control groups without knee crepitus, (3) PFP group with elevated fear avoidance beliefs, (4) PFP group with low fear avoidance beliefs. PFP patellofemoral pain, HQ high quality, MQ moderate quality, SLH single-leg hop for distance, SLS single-leg squat, FSD forward step-down. ‡Data supplied by author