Table 2 Overview of common assessment tools for consequences of dietary intake, including markers being observed, measurements taken, and tools used
Type | Markers | Measures | Tools |
|---|---|---|---|
Physique | Mass Stature Fat mass Fat free mass Muscle mass Bone mass Bone density | Weight Height Girths Breadths Skinfolds Density | Scale Stadiometer Caliper Measuring tape Air displacement plethysmography Bioimpedance analysis/spectroscopy Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry |
Hematological | Nutrient availability Nutrient stores Physiological system function Metabolic output | Testosterone (free, total) Estradiol Progesterone Follicle-stimulating hormone Luteinizing hormone Thyroid stimulating hormone Triiodothyronine Thyroxine Leptin Blood lactate Blood glucose Complete blood count Ferritin Transferrin Iron-binding capacity Vitamin D Vitamin B12 | Laboratory-based bloodwork Point-of-care microcollection |
Clinical–physical | Malnutrition Energy deficiency | Affect Body language Wounds (Skin) Vital signs Blood pressure Heart rate Temperature Subjective score | Physical exam by expert Heart rate monitor Blood pressure monitor Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire |
Clinical–psychological | Eating disorders Disordered eating | Subjective score | Eating Disorder Examination 17.0 Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire 6.0 Athlete Milieu Direct Questionnaire Version 2 Brief Eating Disorder in Athletes Questionnaire Version 2 Eating Disorder Screen for Athletes |
Hydration | Urine concentration Total body water | Urine colour Urine specific gravity Intracellular fluid Extracellular fluid | Armstrong urine chart Urine refractometer Bioimpedance analysis/spectroscopy |
Energy requirements | Basal metabolic rate Exercise energy expenditure Activities of daily living Total daily energy expenditure Fuel usage Energy availability | Resting metabolic rate Heart rate Metabolic equivalents Respiratory quotients | Metabolic cart Heart rate monitor Accelerometer Predictive equations |