Table 2 Effect of equipment on soft tissue vibrations

Apparel

Flat running

Coza et al. [51]

Young and active subjects M = 2|F = 2| n.i

n. i

Treadmill 5 speeds × 3 shoes per COMP

Tri-axial accelerometers VM, GL, BF 2400 Hz

Damping ↗ (+ 8%)

Gellaerts et al. [27]

Healthy men |

M = 11|25.1 ± 2.7 years|67.5 ± 1.3 kg|175.5 ± 1.8 cm

Shorts|

COMP1 (Thigh): 20.4 ± 1.7

COMP2 (Thigh): 14.5 ± 1.3

COMP3 (Thigh): 9.6 ± 0.8

Treadmill

10 km/h

1 min per COMP

Tri-axial accelerometers on textile

VM and RF

150 Hz

SD Ar ↘ (from − 5.15 to − 16.2%) for all muscles and garments

Broatch et al. [28]

Recreational athletes| M = 14|27 ± 5 years|77.8 ± 8.4 kg|180.9 ± 7.3 cm

Tight |

COMP1 (Thigh) 12.1 ± 2.3 (Calf) 17.2 ± 6.2

COMP2 (Thigh) 12.9 ± 2.7 (Calf) 14.6 ± 4.9

COMP3 (Thigh) 13.2 ± 3.1 (Calf) 11.4 ± 4.7

4 × 9 min continuous treadmill

3 min at 8 / 10 / 12 km/h) with 30 min rest

3D motion capture, Markers on textile

VAS and GAS

250 Hz

v. MD ↘ (− 10%) for VAS for all garments

m. l. MD ↘ (− 20%) for VAS for all garments

v. MD ↘ (− 4%) for GAS for COMP1 (

m. l. MD ↘ (− 11%) for GAS for COMP1

Downhill running

Ehrstrom et al. [9]

Well-trained runners

M = 13|38.6 ± 5.7 years|72.1 ± 4.7 kg|175.8 ± 5.1 cm

Tight |

COMP (Thigh) 16–18 (Calf) 20–25

Outside

40 min DHR

− 8.5% slope

55% VO2max

Tri-axial accelerometers under textile

VL and GM

1000 Hz

RMS Ar ↘ (− 5%) only for VAS

Borras et al. [29]

Moderately train soccer player

M = 9||27.7 ± 10.9 years|76.1 ± 6.1 kg|176.8 ± 3.6 cm

Shorts|

n. i

Treadmill

40 min DHR

− 10% slope

85% VO2max

3D motion capture

Markers on textile

RF and VAS

200 Hz

MD ↘ (− 7.8%)

Footwear

Midsole composition

Giandolini et al. [14]

Recreational and competitive runners|M = 12|42 ± 10 years|75.2 ± 8.4 kg|178 ± 4 cm

COND: Elastic (full EVA 55C-Asker)

TEST: Viscous (bi-material 42 and 52C-Asker)

20-m indoor track|3.33 m/s|5 trials per shoe

Tri-axial accelerometers on VM and GM

2000 Hz

For GM: v. a_peak ↘ (− 8.2 ± 3.5%)

v. PSD ↘ (− 17.5 ± 6.2%)

v. f_peak ↔ 

v. Damping ↔ 

For VM: v. a_peak ↘ (− 12 ± 3.7%)

v. PSD ↘ (− 19.7 ± 6.2%)

v. f_peak ↔ 

v. Damping ↘ (− 19.3 ± 17.1%)

Giandolini et al. [52]

n. i.|M = 8|n. i.|n. i.|n. i

COND: EVA, 60C-Asker (hard)

TEST: eTPU 40C-Asker (elastic and soft)

treadmill|3.33 m/s|2 trials per shoe. during 5 min

Tri-axial accelerometer

TA, GL, RF and BF

2560 Hz

For TA: v. PSD ↗ (+ 26.7 ± 20%)

For RF: a.p. PSD ↗ (+ 42.6 ± 35.5%)

For GL and BF: PSD ↔ 

Boyer et al. [22]

Regularly runners|M = 10|25 ± 4.2 years

COND: Elastic (52C-Asker)

TEST1: Viscous (50C-Asker)

TEST2: Visco-elastic (40C-Asker)

TEST3: Visco-elastic (55C-Asker)

TEST4: Visco-elastic (70C-Asker)

16-m indoor track| 2, 3, 4 and 5.5 m/s| 3 trials per shoe and surface

Tri-axial accelerometers

TA, GM, VL and BF

2400 Hz

For all muscles:

v. a_peak ↔ 

v. f_peak ↔ 

Midsole shape

Trama et al. [32]

Recreational runners|M = 20|23.9 ± 2.1 years|73.6 ± 7.4 kg|177 ± 5 cm

COND: Flat (\(h_{{{\text{toe}}}}\) = 40 mm, \(h_{{{\text{heel}}}}\) = 55 mm, ∆h = 15 mm)

TEST: Rocker (\(h_{{{\text{toe}}}}\) = 41 mm, \(h_{{{\text{heel}}}}\) = 58 mm, ∆h = 17 mm)

Indoor track| 8, 10.5, 13 and 15.5 km/h|5 trials per shoe and running speed

Tri-axial accelerometers

GM and VL

1000 Hz

For VL and GM: v. a_peak ↔ 

v. f_peak ↔ 

Damping ↔ 

eaGellaerts et al. [27]

Healthy men|M = 11|25.1 ± 2.7 years|67.5 ± 1.3 kg|175.5 ± 1.8 cm

COND: minimalist (\(h_{{{\text{toe}}}}\) = 4 mm, \(h_{{{\text{heel}}}}\) = 4 mm, ∆h = 0 mm)

TEST: maximalist (\(h_{toe}\) = 29 mm, \(h_{{{\text{heel}}}}\) = 33 mm, ∆h = 4 mm)

Treadmill| 10 km/h| 1 min per shoe

Tri-axial accelerometers

RF and VM

150 Hz

For RF: MD ↘ (− 20.6 ± 6.6%)

For VM: MD ↘ (− 18.8 ± 2.5%)