Physical Activity During Lockdowns Associated with the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Multilevel Meta-analysis of 173 Studies with 320,636 Participants

Wilke, Jan; Rahlf, Anna Lina; Füzéki, Eszter; Groneberg, David A.; Hespanhol, Luiz; Mai, Patrick; de Oliveira, Gabriela Martins; Robbin, Johanna; Tan, Benedict; Willwacher, Steffen; Hollander, Karsten; Pillay, Julian David

doi:10.1186/s40798-022-00515-x

Sports Medicine - Open

Table 2 Results of the moderator analysis

From: Physical Activity During Lockdowns Associated with the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Multilevel Meta-analysis of 173 Studies with 320,636 Participants

Moderator	Studies (ES)	Mean estimate (95% CI)	Tau²/Omega²	Difference between levels
Sex
Male	34 (78)	− 1.78 (− 4.04 to 0.47)	1.10/0	t = 1.22, p = .23
Female	38 (87)	− 1.34 (− 2.90 to 0.23)	1.10/0	t = 1.22, p = .23
Age
Children and adolescents (< 18 yrs.)	27 (98)	− 0.40 (− 0.78 to − 0.02)	0.4/0	Intercept
Adults (18–64 yrs.)	114 (392)	− 0.83 (− 1.51 to − 0.15)		t = − 1.10, p = .28
Old adults (≥ 65 yrs.)	25 (74)	− 0.36 (− 0.51 to − 0.21)		t = 0.17, p = .87
Body mass index
Normal (< 25 kg/m²)	42 (150)	− 1.02 (− 1.92 to − 0.11)	0.72/0	t = − 0.73, p = .47
High (≥ 25 kg/m²)	31 (122)	− 1.29 (− 2.68 to 0.11)	0.72/0	t = − 0.73, p = .47
Pre-activity level
Inactive	15 (58)	− 0.38 (− 0.62 to − 0.15)	0.50/0	t = − 1.1, p = .27
Active	71 (295)	− 0.92 (− 1.86 to 0.02)	0.50/0	t = − 1.1, p = .27
Health status
Healthy/mixed	147 (511)	− 0.68 (− 1.20 to − 0.16)	0.35/0	t = 0.54, p = .59
Diseased	29 (96)	− 0.51 (− 0.88 to − 0.14)	0.35/0	t = 0.54, p = .59
Quality of life
Low (WBI < 0.5)	50 (155)	− 1.33 (− 3.03 to 0.38)	0.46/0	t = − 1.09, p = .28
High (WBI ≥)	80 (298)	− 0.38 (− 0.59 to − 0.16)	0.46/0	t = − 1.09, p = .28
Lockdown stringency
Low (SI < 50)	16 (77)	− 0.41 (− 0.75 to − 0.32)	0.38/0	t = 0.63, p = .53
High (SI ≥ 50)	143 (497)	− 0.83 (− 1.73 to 0.08)	0.38/0	t = 0.63, p = .53
Location
Africa	5 (38)	− 1.10 (− 1.46 to − 0.74)	0.32/0	t = − 0.55, p = .59
Australia	5 (26)	− 0.01 (− 0.18 to 0.17)		t = 1.88, p = .06*
Asia	28 (89)	− 0.33 (− 0.51 to − 0.14)		t = 1.16, p = .25
Europe	88 (298)	− 0.84 (− 1.71 to 0.02)		Intercept
North America	22 (84)	− 0.25 (− 0.36 to − 0.14)		t = 1.35, p = .18
South America	13 (34)	− 0.39 (− 0.49 to − 0.30)		t = 1.03, p = .31
Study design
Cross-sectional	93 (341)	− 0.95 (− 1.70 to − 0.20)	0.34/0	t = 1.81, p = .07*
Longitudinal	80 (264)	− 0.25 (− 0.35 to − 0.16)	0.34/0	t = 1.81, p = .07*
Assessment
Objective	33 (111)	− 0.50 (− 0.70 to − 0.30)	0.35/0	t = 0.68, p = .50
Subjective	143 (492)	− 0.70 (− 1.23 to − 0.16)	0.35/0	t = 0.68, p = .50

SMD Standardized mean difference, CI Confidence interval, yrs Years, SI Stringency index, WBI Well-being index
*p < .1

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