Table 1 Contrasts between methodological traits of molecular exercise physiology and omics with those that characterize network physiology of exercise

Variables

Molecular mechanisms and networks

Networked meso- or macroscopic collective variables

Data acquisition

Group-pooled data

Intra-individual multiple time series

Measures

Means and max values of variables

Connectivity/Transfer entropy/Mutual information/Phase coherence/Coupling functions/Phase synchronization/Time-delay stability

Analysis

Population to individual generalization

Individual to population generalization

Relations

Bottom-up (from micro to macro levels) static group-pooled statistical inferences

Bottom-up and top-down (circular causality) multilevel dynamic interactions