Table 2 Study designs, training variables, and the results of the studies adopting heavy resistance training
Study designs | Training programs | Results | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Performance level | Study | Group | Number of participants: sex, age | Training period (weeks) | Training mode | Maximal intensity through the intervention | Running economy | Running time trial performance |
1 | Albracht and Arampatzis [63] | HRT | 13: M, 27 ± 5 | 14 | IRT | 90% MVC | 10.8 km/h: \(\dot{V}\) O2; − 5.0%, g = − 0.92 [ − 1.72, − 0.12] ECr; − 4.7%, g = − 0.59 [ − 1.37, 0.19] 12.6 km/h:\(\dot{V}\) O2; − 3.4%, g = − 0.55 [ − 1.33 0.23] ECr; − 3.5%, g = − 0.46 [ − 1.24 0.32] | – |
Control | 13: M, 25 ± 3 | – | – | 10.8 km/h: \(\dot{V}\) O2;0.0%, g = 0.00 [ − 0.76, 0.76] ECr; 0.0%, g = 0.00 [ − 0.76, 0.76] 12.6 km/h: \(\dot{V}\) O2; 0.0%, g = 0.00 [ − 0.76, 0.76] ECr; 0.0%, g = 0.03 [ − 0.73, 0.79] | – | |||
1 | Bohm et al. [64] | HRT | 13: M = 9, F = 4, 29 ± 5 | 14 | IRT | 90% MVC | 9 km/h: ECr; − 3.8%, g = − 0.59 [ − 1.37, 0.19] | – |
Control | 10: M = 3, F = 7, 31 ± 3 | – | – | 9 km/h: ECr; − 0.9% g = − 0.10 [ − 1.98, 0.78] | – | |||
1 | Damasceno et al. [65] | HRT | 9: M, 34.1 ± 7.7 | 8 | DRT | 3RM | 12 km/h: \(\dot{V}\) O2; − 1.4%, g = − 0.16 [ − 1.08, 0.76] | 10 km: − 2.5% (p = 0.039) |
Control | 9: M, 32.9 ± 9.2 | – | – | 12 km/h: \(\dot{V}\) O2; − 1.9%, g = − 0.17 [ − 1.09, 0.75] | 10 km: − 0.7% (NS, p ≥ 0.05) | |||
1 | Ferrauti et al. [66] | HRT | 11: M = 9, F = 2, 40.0 ± 11.4 | 8 | DRT MET | DRT: 3RM MET: 20RM | 8.6 km/h: \(\dot{V}\) O2; 5.1%, g = 0.60 [ − 0.26, 1.46] 10.1 km/h: \(\dot{V}\) O2; 2.2%, g = 0.30 [ − 0.54, 1.14] | – |
Control | 11: M = 7, F = 4, 40.0 ± 11.4 | – | – | 8.6 km/h: \(\dot{V}\) O2; 4.0%, g = 0.34 [ − 0.50, 1.18] 10.1 km/h: \(\dot{V}\) O2; 4.6%, g = 0.55 [ − 0.29, 1.39] | – | |||
1 | Festa et al. [67] | HRT | 11: M = 6, F = 5, 44.2 ± 6.0 | 8 | DRT | No numerical data | 8.5 km/h: \(\dot{V}\) O2; − 6.3%, g = − 0.80 [ − 1.63, 0.09] | 2 km: − 4.5%, g = − 0.47 [ − 1.31, 0.37] 10 km: − 6.1%, g = − 0.71 [ − 1.57, 0.15] |
Control | 9: M = 6, F = 3, 45.4 ± 8.0 | – | – | 8.5 km/h: \(\dot{V}\) O2; 0.8%, g = 0.06 [ − 0.85, 0.99] | 2 km: − 2.2%, g = − 0.18 [ − 1.10, 0.74] 10 km: − 2.5%, g = − 0.14 [ − 1.06, 0.78] | |||
Study designs | Training programs | Results | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Performance level | Study | Group | Number of participants: sex, age | Training period (weeks) | Training mode | Maximal intensity through the intervention | Running economy | Running time trial performance |
1 | Karsten et al. [68] | HRT | 8: M = 5, F = 3, 39 ± 5.1 | 6 | DRT | 80% 1RM | – | 5 km: − 3.5%, g = − 0.23 [ − 1.21, 0.75] |
Control | 8: M = 6, F = 2, 30 ± 7.7 | – | – | – | 5 km: 0.5%, g = 0.03 [ − 0.95, 1.01] | |||
2 | Johnston et al. [69] | HRT | 6: F, 30.3 ± 1.4 | 10 | DRT | 6RM | 12.8 km/h: \(\dot{V}\) O2; − 4.1%, g = − 0.66 [ − 1.82, 0.50] 13.8 km/h: \(\dot{V}\) O2; − 3.8%, g = − 0.61 [ − 1.77, 0.55] | – |
Control | 6: F, 30.3 ± 1.4 | – | – | 12.8 km/h: \(\dot{V}\) O2; 0.5%, g = 0.13 [ − 1.01, 1.27] 13.8 km/h: \(\dot{V}\) O2; 0.9%, g = 0.22 [ − 0.92, 1.36] | – | |||
2 | Piacentini et al. [70] | HRT | 6: M = 4, F = 2, 44.2 ± 3.9 | 6 | DRT | 90% 1RM | 9.75 km/h: \(\dot{V}\) O2; − 0.5%, g = − 0.04 [ − 1.18, 1.10] 10.75 km/h: \(\dot{V}\) O2; − 6.2%, g = − 0.62 [ − 1.78, 0.54] 11.75 km/h: \(\dot{V}\) O2; 2.8%, g = 0.24 [ − 0.90, 1.38] | – |
HRT | 5: M = 3, F = 2, 44.8 ± 4.4 | 70% 1RM | 9.75 km/h: \(\dot{V}\) O2; − 1.7%, g = − 0.25 [ − 1.50, 1.00] 10.75 km/h: \(\dot{V}\) O2; − 1.3%, g = − 0.19 [ − 1.42, 1.04] 11.75 km/h: \(\dot{V}\) O2; − 1.2%, g = − 0.12 [ − 1.35, 1.11] | – | ||||
Control | 5: M, 43.2 ± 7.9 | – | – | 9.75 km/h: \(\dot{V}\) O2; 0.0%, g = 0.04 [ − 1.19, 1.27] 10.75 km/h: \(\dot{V}\) O2; − 1.3%, g = − 0.19 [ − 1.42, 1.04] 11.75 km/h: \(\dot{V}\) O2; − 1.2%, g = − 0.12 [ − 1.35, 1.11] | – | |||
2 | HRT | 11: F, 31.5 ± 8.0 | 11 | DRT | 4RM | 10 km/h: \(\dot{V}\) O2; − 0.5%, g = − 0.10 [ − 0.98, 0.78] | – | |
Control | 8: F, 34.9 ± 7.5 | – | – | 10 km/h: \(\dot{V}\) O2; 0.3%, g = 0.05 [ − 0.93, 1.03] | – | |||
Study designs | Training programs | Results | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Performance level | Study | Group | Number of participants: sex, age | Training period (weeks) | Training mode | Maximal intensity through the intervention | Running economy | Running time trial performance |
3 | Fletcher et al. [73] | HRT | 6: M, 22.2 ± 3.1 | 8 | IRT | 80% MVC | 12.3 km/h: ECr; 1.0%, g = 0.12 [-1.02, 1.26] 13.9 km/h: ECr; − 0.2%, g = -0.03 [-1.17, 1.11] 15.6 km/h: ECr; − 0.5%, g = -0.10 [-1.24, 1.04] | – |
Control | 6: M, 26.3 ± 6.0 | – | – | 12.3 km/h: ECr; 0.0%, g = 0.00 [-1.14, 1.14] 13.9 km/h: ECr; 0.2%, g = 0.04 [-1.10, 1.18] 15.6 km/h: ECr; − 0.2%, g = -0.06 [-1.20, 1.08] | – | |||
3 | Millet et al. [74] | HRT | 7: M, 24.3 ± 5.2 | 14 | DRT | 90% 1RM | 15.0 km/h: \(\dot{V}\) O2; − 6.9%, g = -0.87 [-1.97, 0.23] 17.5 km/h: \(\dot{V}\) O2; − 5.6%, g = -0.85 [-1.95, 0.25] | – |
Control | 8: M, 21.4 ± 2.1 | – | – | 15.0 km/h: \(\dot{V}\) O2; 7.1%, g = 0.74 [-0.28, 1.76] 17.5 km/h: \(\dot{V}\) O2; 5.4%, g = 0.49 [-0.51, 1.49] | – | |||
3 | Storen et al. [75] | HRT | 8: M = 4, F = 4, 28.6 ± 10.1 | 8 | DRT | 4RM | 70% of \(\dot{V}\) O2max: \(\dot{V}\) O2; − 5.0%, g = -0.97 [-2.01, 0.07] | – |
Control | 9: M = 5, F = 4, 29.7 ± 7.0 | – | – | 70% of \(\dot{V}\) O2max: \(\dot{V}\) O2; 1.8%, g = 0.23 [-0.75, 1.21] | – | |||
Summary | – | Total size 216 | 9.6 [8.0, 11.2] | – | Weighted average by sample size HRT group: g = -0.43 [-0.69, − 0.17] Control group: g = 0.07 [-0.06, 0.21] | Weighted average by sample size HRT group: g = -0.44 [-0.48, − 0.39] Control group: g = -0.07 [-0.20, 0.06] | ||