Table 1 Assessment of the study quality and the risk of bias
Study | Quality assessment | The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing the risk of bias | Oxford Evidence levels | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PEDro | CONSORT | Selection bias | Detection bias | Attrition bias | Other bias | |||
Random sequence generation | Allocation concealment | Blinding of outcome assessment | Incomplete outcome data | Selective reporting | ||||
Albract and Arampatzis [63] | 5 | 15 | High risk | Unclear | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | 2b |
Bohm et al. [64] | 5 | 16 | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | 2b |
Damasceno et al. [65] | 6 | 23 | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | 2b |
Ferrauti et al. [66] | 6 | 17 | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | 1b |
Festa et al. [67] | 5 | 18 | High risk | Unclear | Low risk | High risk | High risk | 2b |
Karsten et al. [68] | 6 | 18 | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | 2b |
Johnston et al. [69] | 6 | 19 | Low risk | Unclear | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | 2b |
Piacentini et al. [70] | 4 | 24 | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | 2b |
4 | 18 | Unclear | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | 2b | |
Fletcher et al. [73] | 6 | 15 | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | 2b |
Millet et al. [74] | 6 | 13 | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | 2b |
Storen et al. [75] | 6 | 19 | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | 2b |
Garcia-Pinillos et al. [76] | 6 | 22 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | 1b |
Machado et al. [77] | 6 | 14 | High risk | Unclear | Low risk | Unclear | High risk | 2b |
Pellegrino et al. [78] | 6 | 19 | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | 1b |
Ache-Dias et al. [79] | 5 | 23 | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | 2b |
Berryman et al. [80] | 5 | 18 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | 2b |
do Carmo et al. [81] | 5 | 21 | Unclear | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | 2b |
Spurrs et al. [82] | 6 | 19 | High risk | Unclear | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | 2b |
Turner et al. [83] | 6 | 18 | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | 2b |
Ramirez-Champillo et al. [84] | 6 | 17 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | 1b |
Mean \(\pm\) SD | 5.5 ± 0.7 | 18.4 ± 2.9 | ||||||