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Table 1 Cardiac geometry and left ventricular measures by sex in athletes (all sports combined)

From: Normative Values for Sport-Specific Left Ventricular Dimensions and Exercise-Induced Cardiac Remodeling in Elite Spanish Male and Female Athletes

 

Men (n = 2041)

Women (n = 1241)

p value

Effect size*

Cardiac geometry

Prevalence

 < 0.001

0.015

Normal (%)

82.0

90.9

  

Eccentric hypertrophy (%)

16.5

8.3

  

Concentric remodeling (%)

0.9

0.5

  

Concentric hypertophy (%)

0.6

0.3

  

LV measures

Mean

P95

Mean

P95

  

LVEF (%)

61 (7)

72

61 (7)

72

0.036

0.072

SWT (mm)

9 (1)

11

8 (1)

9

 < 0.001

1.370

SWT / BSA (mm/m2)

4.7 (0.6)

5.8

4.6 (0.6)

5.6

0.002

0.167

LVEDD (mm)

55 (4)

63

49 (4)

56

 < 0.001

1.409

LVEDD / BSA (mm/m2)

28 (3)

33

30 (3)

34

 < 0.001

0.380

LVPW (mm)

9 (1)

11

8 (1)

9

 < 0.001

1.313

LVPW / BSA (mm/m2)

4.6 (0.6)

5.6

4.5 (0.6)

5.5

0.003

0.167

LVEDV (mL)

150 (28)

198

115 (21)

151

 < 0.001

1.370

LVEDV / BSA (mL/m2)

77 (13)

100

69 (11)

87

 < 0.001

0.679

LV mass (g)

190 (43)

271

126 (29)

177

 < 0.001

1.675

LV mass / BSA (g/m2)

97 (20)

133

75 (15)

102

 < 0.001

1.855

E wave (cm/s)

85 (14)

109

92 (14)

116

 < 0.001

0.461

A wave (cm/s)

43 (11)

61

45 (13)

63

 < 0.001

0.147

  1. Data of LV measures are mean (SD) and 95th (P95) percentile (in bold)
  2. BSA body surface area, LVEDD left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, LVEDV left ventricular end-diastolic volume, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, LVPW LV posterior wall, SWT septal wall thickness
  3. *Effect size assessed with partial eta squared (for between-sex comparisons of geometry proportions with the χ2 test [upper part of the Table]) and Cohen’s D (for between-sex comparisons of the different LV dimensions with the Student’s t test [lower part of the Table])
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