Variable | Preferred SR versus Increased SR | Preferred SR versus Reduced SR | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kinetics | Peak tibial acceleration | 0.06 ( − 0.29, 0.42) |  − 0.42 ( − 0.93, 0.08) | ||
 |  |  + 20% [31] | 0.08 ( − 0.72, 0.88) |  − 20% [31] |  − 1.13 ( − 2.01,  − 0.26) |
 | Tibial signal power magnitude (3–8 Hz) |  + 10% [31] | 0.34 ( − 0.46, 1.15) |  − 10% [31] |  − 0.41 ( − 1.22, 0.40) |
 |  |  + 20% [31] | 0.54 ( − 0.28, 1.36) |  − 20% [31] |  − 0.92 ( − 1.76,  − 0.07) |
 | Tibial signal power magnitude (9–20 Hz) |  + 10% [31] | 0.05 ( − 0.75, 0.85) |  − 10% [31] |  − 0.18 ( − 0.99, 0.62) |
 |  |  + 20% [31] | 0.01 ( − 0.79, 0.81) |  − 20% [31] |  − 0.57 ( − 1.39, 0.25) |
 | Leg compression |  + 30% [54] | 3.83 (2.24, 5.42) |  − 30% [54] |  − 2.42 ( − 3.64,  − 1.21) |
 | Leg stiffness |  + 7.5% (at 12 − weeks) [38] |  − 0.61 ( − 1.43, 0.22) |  |  |
 |  |  + 30% [54] |  − 1.37 ( − 2.37,  − 0.38) |  − 30% [54] | 0.42 ( − 0.46, 1.31) |
 | Negative ankle work |  + 5% [49] | 0.05 ( − 0.36, 0.46) |  − 5% [49] | 0.07 ( − 0.34, 0.49) |
 |  | 0.01 ( − 0.33, 0.36) | 0.38 (0.03, 0.73) | ||
 | Positive ankle work |  + 5% [49] | 0.33 ( − 0.09, 0.75) |  − 5% [49] |  − 0.46 ( − 0.88,  − 0.04) |
 |  |  + 10% [49] | 0.74 (0.31, 1.16) |  − 10% [49] |  − 0.86 ( − 1.29,  − 0.42) |
 | Average positive ankle power (stance) |  + 8% [26] | 0.18 [ − 0.52, 0.87] |  − 8% [26] |  − 0.39 [ − 1.09, 0.31] |
 |  |  + 15% [26] | 0.54 [ − 0.17, 1.24] |  − 15% [26] |  − 1.07 [ − 1.82,  − 0.33] |
 | Average positive ankle power (swing) |  + 8% [26] | 0.00 [ − 0.69, 0.69] |  − 8% [26] | 0.97 [0.24, 1.71] |
 |  |  + 15% [26] | 0.00 [ − 0.69, 0.69] |  − 15% [26] | 0.97 [0.24, 1.71] |
 | Plantarflexion moment |  + 10% [33] |  − 0.06 ( − 0.70, 0.58) |  |  |
 | Vertical foot velocity at initial contact |  + 5% [45] | 0.12 ( − 0.75, 1.00) |  − 5% [45] |  − 0.37 ( − 1.26, 0.52) |
 |  |  + 10% [45] | 0.14 ( − 0.74, 1.01) |  − 10% [45] |  − 0.54 ( − 1.43, 0.36) |
 | Horizontal foot velocity at initial contact |  + 5% [45] |  − 0.15 ( − 1.03, 0.73) |  − 5% [45] | 0.14 ( − 0.74, 1.02) |
 |  |  + 10% [45] |  − 0.11 ( − 0.98, 0.77) |  − 10% [45] | 0.17 ( − 0.70, 1.05) |
 | Average MGAS muscle activation |  + 8% [26] | 0.11 [ − 0.58, 0.81] |  − 8% [26] | 0.31 [ − 0.38, 1.01] |
 |  |  + 15% [26] | 0.00 [ − 0.69, 0.69] |  − 15% [26] | 0.13 [ − 0.56, 0.83] |
 | Average LGAS muscle activation |  + 8% [26] | 0.00 [ − 0.69, 0.69] |  − 8% [26] |  − 0.10 [ − 0.79, 0.59] |
 |  |  + 15% [26] | 0.05 [ − 0.65, 0.74] |  − 15% [26] |  − 0.28 [ − 0.98, 0.41] |
 | Average SOL muscle activation |  + 8% [26] | 0.30 [ − 0.40, 1.00] |  − 8% [26] | 0.26 [ − 0.44, 0.95] |
 |  |  + 15% [26] | 0.49 [ − 0.22, 1.19] |  − 15% [26] |  − 0.05 [ − 0.75, 0.64] |
 | Average TA muscle activation |  + 8% [26] | 0.05 [ − 0.64, 0.74] |  − 8% [26] |  − 2.78 [ − 3.78,  − 1.77] |
 |  |  + 15% [26] |  − 0.05 [ − 0.74, 0.64] |  − 15% [26] |  − 0.05 [ − 0.74, 0.64] |
 | TA muscle activity – stance 0–15% |  + 5% [32] |  − 0.33 ( − 0.74, 0.09) |  |  |
 |  |  + 10% [32] | 0.00 ( − 0.41, 0.41) |  |  |
 | TA muscle activity—stance 30–50% |  + 5% [32] |  − 0.20 ( − 0.61, 0.22) |  |  |
 |  |  + 10% [32] |  − 0.59 ( − 1.02,  − 0.17) |  |  |
 | TA muscle activity—swing 80–90% |  + 5% [32] | 0.33 ( − 0.09, 0.75) |  |  |
 |  |  + 10% [32] | 0.33 ( − 0.09, 0.75) |  |  |
 | TA muscle activity—swing 90–100% |  + 5% [32] |  − 0.28 ( − 0.70, 0.13) |  |  |
 |  |  + 10% [32] |  − 0.72 ( − 1.15,  − 0.29) |  |  |
 | MGAS muscle activity—stance 0–15% |  + 5% [32] | 0.00 ( − 0.41, 0.41) |  |  |
 |  |  + 10% [32] | 0.00 ( − 0.41, 0.41) |  |  |
 | MGAS muscle activity—swing 80–90% |  + 5% [32] |  − 0.22 ( − 0.63, 0.20) |  |  |
 |  |  + 10% [32] |  − 0.45 ( − 0.86,  − 0.03) |  |  |
 | MGAS muscle activity—swing 90–100% |  + 5% [32] | 0.00 ( − 0.41, 0.41) |  |  |
 |  |  + 10% [32] |  − 0.40 ( − 0.82, 0.02) |  |  |
 | GASTROC peak force |  + 10% [30] | 0.77 (0.11, 1.43) |  − 10% [30] |  − 0.61 ( − 1.26, 0.04) |
 | GASTROC impulse |  + 10% [30] | 0.33 ( − 0.31, 0.97) |  − 10% [30] |  − 0.77 ( − 1.43,  − 0.11) |
 | GASTROC impulse/km |  + 10% [30] | 0.60 ( − 0.05, 1.25) |  − 10% [30] |  − 0.80 ( − 1.46,  − 0.13) |
 | Peak SOL muscle force |  + 10% [36] | 0.37 ( − 0.14, 0.88) |  − 10% [36] |  − 0.51 ( − 1.03, 0.00) |
 | Peak MGAS muscle force—late stance / early swing (0–40%) |  + 10% [36] | 0.14 ( − 0.37, 0.64) |  − 10% [36] | 0.29 ( − 0.22, 0.80) |
 | Peak MGAS muscle force—late swing (80–99%) |  + 10% [36] |  − 0.28 ( − 0.79, 0.23) |  − 10% [36] | 0.26 ( − 0.25, 0.77) |
 | Peak TA muscle force |  + 10% [36] | 0.11 ( − 0.40, 0.62) |  − 10% [36] | 0.33 ( − 0.18, 0.84) |
 | Rearfoot peak pressure | 0.18 ( − 0.15, 0.51) |  − 0.14 ( − 0.48, 0.19) | ||
 |  |  + 10% [35] | 0.31 ( − 0.19, 0.80) |  − 10% [35] |  − 0.35 ( − 0.84, 0.14) |
 |  | 180spm [57] | 0.30 ( − 0.50, 1.11) |  |  |
 | Midfoot peak pressure |  + 5% [35] | 0.08 ( − 0.41, 0.57) |  − 5% [35] | 0.03 ( − 0.46, 0.52) |
 |  |  + 10% [35] | 0.25 ( − 0.24, 0.74) |  − 10% [35] | 0.05 ( − 0.44, 0.54) |
 |  | 180spm [57] | 0.14 ( − 0.66, 0.94) |  |  |
 | Medial forefoot peak pressure |  + 5% [35] |  − 0.06 ( − 0.55, 0.43) |  − 5% [35] | 0.03 ( − 0.46, 0.52) |
 |  |  + 10% [35] |  − 0.05 ( − 0.54, 0.44) |  − 10% [35] |  − 0.02 ( − 0.51, 0.47) |
 | Lateral forefoot peak pressure |  + 5% [35] | 0.06 ( − 0.43, 0.55) |  − 5% [35] | 0.03 ( − 0.46, 0.52) |
 |  |  + 10% [35] | 0.07 ( − 0.42, 0.56) |  − 10% [35] | 0.09 ( − 0.40, 0.58) |
 | Hallux peak pressure |  + 5% [35] | 0.04 ( − 0.45, 0.53) |  − 5% [35] |  − 0.09 ( − 0.58, 0.40) |
 |  |  + 10% [35] | 0.06 ( − 0.43, 0.55) |  − 10% [35] |  − 0.08 ( − 0.57, 0.41) |
 | Rearfoot max force | 0.17 ( − 0.16, 0.50) |  − 0.14 ( − 0.47, 0.19) | ||
 |  |  + 10% [35] | 0.30 ( − 0.19, 0.79) |  − 10% [35] |  − 0.27 ( − 0.76, 0.22) |
 |  | 180spm [57] | 1.29 (0.39, 2.18) |  |  |
 | Midfoot max force |  + 5% [35] | 0.10 ( − 0.39, 0.59) |  − 5% [35] | 0.05 ( − 0.44, 0.54) |
 |  |  + 10% [35] | 0.21 ( − 0.28, 0.70) |  − 10% [35] | 0.04 ( − 0.45, 0.53) |
 |  | 180spm [57] | 0.54 ( − 0.27, 1.36) |  |  |
 | Medial forefoot max force |  + 5% [35] | 0.00 ( − 0.49, 0.49) |  − 5% [35] |  − 0.01 ( − 0.50, 0.48) |
 |  |  + 10% [35] | 0.00 ( − 0.49, 0.49) |  − 10% [35] |  − 0.01 ( − 0.50, 0.48) |
 | Lateral forefoot max force |  + 5% [35] | 0.09 ( − 0.40, 0.58) |  − 5% [35] | 0.04 ( − 0.45, 0.53) |
 |  |  + 10% [35] | 0.13 ( − 0.37, 0.62) |  − 10% [35] | 0.10 ( − 0.39, 0.59) |
 | Hallux max force |  + 5% [35] | 0.05 ( − 0.44, 0.54) |  − 5% [35] |  − 0.11 ( − 0.60, 0.38) |
 |  |  + 10% [35] | 0.11 ( − 0.38, 0.60) |  − 10% [35] |  − 0.13 ( − 0.62, 0.36) |
 | Rearfoot contact area |  + 5% [35] | 0.06 ( − 0.43, 0.55) |  − 5% [35] | 0.00 ( − 0.49, 0.49) |
 |  |  + 10% [35] | 0.12 ( − 0.37, 0.61) |  − 10% [35] |  − 0.04 ( − 0.53, 0.45) |
 | Midfoot contact area |  + 5% [35] | 0.03 ( − 0.46, 0.52) |  − 5% [35] | 0.06 ( − 0.43, 0.55) |
 |  |  + 10% [35] | 0.05 ( − 0.44, 0.54) |  − 10% [35] | 0.04 ( − 0.45, 0.53) |
 | Medial forefoot contact area |  + 5% [35] | 0.00 ( − 0.49, 0.49) |  − 5% [35] | 0.04 ( − 0.45, 0.53) |
 |  |  + 10% [35] | 0.00 ( − 0.49, 0.49) |  − 10% [35] | 0.04 ( − 0.45, 0.53) |
 | Lateral forefoot contact area |  + 5% [35] | 0.02 ( − 0.47, 0.51) |  − 5% [35] | 0.04 ( − 0.45, 0.53) |
 |  |  + 10% [35] | 0.02 ( − 0.47, 0.51) |  − 10% [35] | 0.04 ( − 0.45, 0.53) |
 | Hallux contact area |  + 5% [35] | 0.00 ( − 0.49, 0.49) |  − 5% [35] | 0.00 ( − 0.49, 0.49) |
 |  |  + 10% [35] | 0.00 ( − 0.49, 0.49) |  − 10% [35] | 0.05 ( − 0.44, 0.54) |
 | Rearfoot contact time |  − 0.07 ( − 0.41, 0.26) |  − 0.23 ( − 0.56, 0.10) | ||
 |  |  + 10% [35] |  − 0.16 ( − 0.65, 0.33) |  − 10% [35] |  − 0.35 ( − 0.85, 0.14) |
 | Midfoot contact time |  + 5% [35] |  − 0.28 ( − 0.77, 0.22) |  − 5% [35] |  − 0.27 ( − 0.76, 0.23) |
 |  |  + 10% [35] |  − 0.15 ( − 0.64, 0.34) |  − 10% [35] |  − 0.26 ( − 0.75, 0.23) |
 | Medial forefoot contact time |  + 5% [35] |  − 0.30 ( − 0.79, 0.19) |  − 5% [35] |  − 0.08 ( − 0.57, 0.41) |
 |  |  + 10% [35] |  − 0.26 ( − 0.75, 0.23) |  − 10% [35] |  − 0.13 ( − 0.63, 0.36) |
 | Lateral forefoot contact time |  + 5% [35] |  − 0.27 ( − 0.76, 0.22) |  − 5% [35] |  − 0.10 ( − 0.59, 0.39) |
 |  |  + 10% [35] |  − 0.24 ( − 0.73, 0.26) |  − 10% [35] |  − 0.15 ( − 0.64, 0.34) |
 | Hallux contact time |  + 5% [35] |  − 0.19 ( − 0.68, 0.30) |  − 5% [35] |  − 0.04 ( − 0.53, 0.45) |
 |  |  + 10% [35] |  − 0.13 ( − 0.62, 0.36) |  − 10% [35] |  − 0.08 ( − 0.57, 0.41) |
 | Total foot contact time |  + 5% [39] | 0.30 ( − 0.15, 0.75) |  − 5% [39] |  − 0.20 ( − 0.65, 0.25) |
 | Medial forefoot contact time |  + 5% [39] | 0.21 ( − 0.24, 0.66) |  − 5% [39] |  − 0.21 ( − 0.66, 0.24) |
 | Central forefoot contact time |  + 5% [39] | 0.19 ( − 0.26, 0.64) |  − 5% [39] |  − 0.25 ( − 0.70, 0.20) |
 | Lateral forefoot contact time |  + 5% [39] | 0.26 ( − 0.19, 0.72) |  − 5% [39] |  − 0.15 ( − 0.60, 0.30) |
 | Heel force time integral |  + 5% [39] | 0.26 ( − 0.19, 0.71) |  − 5% [39] |  − 0.04 ( − 0.49, 0.41) |
 | Medial forefoot force time integral |  + 5% [39] | 0.17 ( − 0.28, 0.62) |  − 5% [39] |  − 0.16 ( − 0.61, 0.29) |
 | Central forefoot force time integral |  + 5% [39] | 0.21 ( − 0.24, 0.66) |  − 5% [39] |  − 0.21 ( − 0.66, 0.24) |
 | Lateral forefoot force time integral |  + 5% [39] | 0.10 ( − 0.35, 0.55) |  − 5% [39] |  − 0.10 ( − 0.55, 0.35) |
 | Total foot peak force |  + 5% [39] | 0.12 ( − 0.33, 0.57) |  − 5% [39] | 0.05 ( − 0.40, 0.50) |
 | Medial forefoot peak force |  + 5% [39] | 0.06 ( − 0.39, 0.51) |  − 5% [39] |  − 0.11 ( − 0.56, 0.34) |
 | Central forefoot peak force |  + 5% [39] | 0.05 ( − 0.40, 0.50) |  − 5% [39] |  − 0.05 ( − 0.50, 0.40) |
 | Lateral forefoot peak force |  + 5% [39] | 0.00 ( − 0.45, 0.45) |  − 5% [39] |  − 0.07 ( − 0.52, 0.38) |
 | Total foot peak pressure |  + 5% [39] | 0.08 ( − 0.37, 0.53) |  − 5% [39] |  − 0.20 ( − 0.65, 0.25) |
 | Medial forefoot peak pressure |  + 5% [39] | 0.18 ( − 0.27, 0.63) |  − 5% [39] | 0.08 ( − 0.37, 0.53) |
 | Central forefoot peak pressure |  + 5% [39] | 0.08 ( − 0.37, 0.53) |  − 5% [39] |  − 0.06 ( − 0.51, 0.39) |
 | Lateral forefoot peak pressure |  + 5% [39] | 0.29 ( − 0.16, 0.74) |  − 5% [39] | 0.20 ( − 0.25, 0.66) |
 | Heel pressure time integral |  + 5% [39] | 0.28 ( − 0.17, 0.73) |  − 5% [39] |  − 0.06 ( − 0.51, 0.39) |
 | Medial forefoot pressure time integral |  + 5% [39] | 0.28 ( − 0.17, 0.73) |  − 5% [39] | 0.02 ( − 0.43, 0.47) |
 | Central forefoot pressure time integral |  + 5% [39] | 0.18 ( − 0.27, 0.63) |  − 5% [39] |  − 0.15 ( − 0.60, 0.30) |
 | Lateral forefoot pressure time integral |  + 5% [39] | 0.33 ( − 0.12, 0.78) |  − 5% [39] | 0.03 ( − 0.42, 0.48) |
 | Forefoot max force | 180spm [57] | 0.78 ( − 0.05, 1.62) |  |  |
 | Forefoot max pressure | 180spm [57] | 0.47 ( − 0.34, 1.28) |  |  |
Kinematics | Average ankle PF/DF at IC |  + 5% [45] | 0.05 ( − 0.83, 0.92) |  − 5% [45] | 0.13 ( − 0.75, 1.01) |
 |  | 0.23 ( − 0.20, 0.57) |  − 10% [45] |  − 0.26 ( − 1.14, 0.63) | |
 | Foot strike angle | 0.39 (0.09, 0.69) |  − 5% [49] |  − 0.13 ( − 0.55, 0.28) | |
 |  |  + 7.5% (at 12 − weeks) [38] | 0.99 (0.13, 1.84) |  |  |
 |  | 0.62 (0.34, 0.90) |  − 10% [49] |  − 0.27 ( − 0.68, 0.15) | |
 |  |  + 15% [22] | 1.19 (0.71, 1.67) |  |  |
 | Average ankle PF/DF during stance |  + 10% [34] | 0.06 ( − 0.43, 0.56) |  |  |
 | Peak ankle PF/DF during stance |  + 10% [34] | 0.85 (0.33, 1.37) |  |  |
 | Max DF during stance |  + 7.5% (at 12 − weeks) [38] |  − 0.09 ( − 0.89, 0.71) |  |  |
 | Peak rearfoot eversion angle |  + 10% [47] | 0.04 ( − 0.84, 0.92) |  |  |
 | Peak rearfoot eversion % of GC |  + 10% [47] | 0.08 ( − 0.80, 0.96) |  |  |
 | Peak shank IR angle |  + 10% [47] | 0.02 ( − 0.86, 0.89) |  |  |
 | Peak shank IR % of GC |  + 10% [47] |  − 0.87 ( − 1.8, 0.05) |  |  |