What is the Effect of Changing Running Step Rate on Injury, Performance and Biomechanics? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Anderson, Laura M.; Martin, Joel F.; Barton, Christian J.; Bonanno, Daniel R.

doi:10.1186/s40798-022-00504-0

Sports Medicine - Open

Table 6 Pooled and single study results for ground reaction force and loading rate variables

From: What is the Effect of Changing Running Step Rate on Injury, Performance and Biomechanics? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Variable		Preferred SR versus Increased SR		Preferred SR versus Reduced SR
Ground Reaction Force and Loading Rates	Average vertical loading rate	+ 7.5% (post 8 sessions) [40]	1.25 (0.48, 2.01)	− 15% [25]	− 0.46 ( − 1.35, 0.43)
		+ 7.5% (post 4 weeks) [40]	1.37 (0.59, 2.14)	− 30% [25]	− 1.25 ( − 2.22, − 0.27)
		+ 7.5% (post 12 weeks) [38]	0.81 ( − 0.03, 1.64)
		+ 10% [41, 50]	0.24 ( − 0.23, 0.70)
		+ 15% [25]	0.25 ( − 0.63, 1.13)
		+ 30% [25]	0.24 ( − 0.64, 1.12)
	Instantaneous vertical loading rate	+ 7.5% (post 8 sessions) [40]	1.08 (0.33, 1.83)	− 15% [25]	− 0.39 ( − 1.27, 0.50)
		+ 7.5% (post 4 weeks) [40]	1.12 (0.37, 1.87)	− 30% [25]	− 1.23 ( − 2.20, − 0.25)
		+ 7.5% (post 12 weeks) [38]	0.71 ( − 0.12, 1.54)
		+ 10% [41, 49]	− 0.04 ( − 0.50, 0.42)
		+ 15% [25]	0.34 ( − 0.55, 1.22)
		+ 30% [25]	0.29 ( − 0.60, 1.17)
	Vertical ground reaction force	+ 5% [49]	0.08 ( − 0.33, 0.50)	− 5% [49]	− 0.17 ( − 0.58, 0.25)
		+ 10% [33, 49]	0.24 ( − 0.11, 0.59)	− 10% [49]	− 0.24 ( − 0.65, 0.18)
		+ 30% [54]	0.29 ( − 0.59, 1.17)	− 30% [54]	− 2.27 ( − 3.45, − 1.09)
	Vertical ground reaction force impulse	+ 10% [30]	1.15 (0.46, 1.84)	− 10% [30]	− 1.15 ( − 1.84, − 0.46)
	Vertical impact peak	+ 7.5% (post 12 weeks) [38]	0.64 ( − 0.18, 1.47)	− 15% [25]	− 0.28 ( − 1.17, 0.60)
		+ 10%	0.07 ( − 0.57, 0.71)	− 30% [25]	− 0.90 ( − 1.83, 0.03)
		+ 15% [25]	0.15 ( − 0.73, 1.02)
		+ 30% [25]	0.08 ( − 0.80, 0.96)
	Time from initial contact to impact peak	+ 7.5% (post 12 weeks) [38]	− 0.21 ( − 1.01. 0.59)
	Impact attenuation	+ 10% [44]	− 0.31 ( − 0.96, 0.33)	− 10% [44]	0.52 ( − 0.13, 1.17)
	Braking impulse	+ 5% [49]	0.38 ( − 0.04, 0.80)	− 5% [49]	− 0.35 ( − 0.76, 0.07)
	Braking impulse	+ 10% [30, 49]	0.64 (0.29, 1.00)	− 10% [30, 49]	− 0.73 ( − 1.08, − 0.37)
	Head impact acceleration peak	+ 10% [31]	0.15 ( − 0.65, 0.95)	− 10% [31]	− 0.07 ( − 0.87, 0.73)
	Head impact acceleration peak	+ 20% [31]	0.07 ( − 0.73, 0.87)	− 20% [31]	− 0.66 ( − 1.49, 0.16)
	Head active acceleration peak	+ 10% [31]	0.29 ( − 0.52, 1.09)	− 10% [31]	− 0.14 ( − 0.94, 0.66)
	Head active acceleration peak	+ 20% [31]	0.63 ( − 0.20, 1.45)	− 20% [31]	− 0.41 ( − 1.22, 0.40)
	Head signal power magnitude (3–8 Hz)	+ 10% [31]	0.26 ( − 0.55, 1.06)	− 10% [31]	− 0.18 ( − 0.98, 0.63)
	Head signal power magnitude (3–8 Hz)	+ 20% [31]	0.53 ( − 0.29, 1.34)	− 20% [31]	− 0.36 ( − 1.17, 0.44)
	Head signal power magnitude (9–20 Hz)	+ 10% [31]	− 0.05 ( − 0.86, 0.75)	− 10% [31]	− 0.08 ( − 0.88, 0.72)
	Head signal power magnitude (9–20 Hz)	+ 20% [31]	− 0.46 ( − 1.27, 0.36)	− 20% [31]	− 0.47 ( − 1.28, 0.34)
	Shock attenuation (active phase)	+ 10% [31]	− 0.60 ( − 1.42, 0.22)	− 10% [31]	0.15 ( − 0.65, 0.95)
	Shock attenuation (active phase)	+ 20% [31]	− 0.82 ( − 1.66, 0.02)	− 20% [31]	− 0.01 ( − 0.81, 0.79)
	Shock attenuation (impact phase)	+ 10% [31]	− 0.16 ( − 0.96, 0.64)	− 10% [31]	0.28 ( − 0.52, 1.09)
	Shock attenuation (impact phase)	+ 20% [31]	− 0.44 ( − 1.25, 0.37)	− 20% [31]	0.15 ( − 0.66, 0.95)

SMD ± 95% CI are provided for each percentage increase or decrease in running step rate. SMD ± 95% CI presented in bold are statistically significant

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