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Table 4 Single study results for performance variables

From: What is the Effect of Changing Running Step Rate on Injury, Performance and Biomechanics? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Variables

Preferred SR versus Increased SR

Preferred SR versus Reduced SR

Performance

VO2 at 3.13 m/s

 + 15% [53]

 − 0.21 ( − 1.09, 0.67)

 − 15% [53]

 − 4.10 ( − 7.74,  − 0.46)

VO2 at 3.58 m/s

 + 15% [53]

 − 0.18 ( − 1.06, 0.70)

 − 15% [53]

 − 0.52 ( − 1.42, 0.37)

VO2 at 4.02 m/s

 + 15% [53]

 − 0.06 ( − 0.94, 0.81)

 − 15% [53]

 − 0.20 ( − 1.08, 0.68)

VO2 at 60 min race pace

 + 4% (initial) [42]

 − 0.23 ( − 0.92, 0.47)

 − 4% (initial) [42]

 − 0.26 ( − 0.95, 0.44)

 

 + 4% (final) [42]

 − 0.23 ( − 0.93, 0.46)

 − 4% (final) [42]

 − 0.23 ( − 0.92, 0.47)

 

 + 8% (initial) [42]

 − 0.45 ( − 1.15, 0.26)

 − 8% (initial) [42]

 − 0.45 ( − 1.16, 0.25)

 

 + 8% (final) [42]

 − 0.33 ( − 1.02, 0.37)

 − 8% (final) [42]

 − 0.34 ( − 1.04, 0.36)

Rate of perceived exertion

 + 5% [49]

 − 0.15 ( − 0.57, 0.26)

 − 5% [49]

 − 0.08 ( − 0.33, 0.50)

 

 + 10% [49]

 − 0.49 ( − 0.91,  − 0.07)

 − 10% [49]

0.00 ( − 0.41, 0.41)

Awkwardness

 + 10% [50]

 − 0.72 ( − 1.38,  − 0.06)

  

Effort

 + 10% [50]

 − 0.69 ( − 1.34,  − 0.03)

  

Metabolic Energy Consumption

 + 8% [26]

 − 0.38 [ − 1.08, 0.32]

 − 8% [26]

 − 0.70 [ − 1.41, 0.02]

 

 + 15% [26]

 − 0.84 [ − 1.57,  − 0.11]

 − 15% [26]

 − 1.61 [ − 2.42,  − 0.80]

  1. SMD ± 95% CI are provided for each percentage increase or decrease in running step rate. SMD ± 95% CI presented in bold are statistically significant