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Table 10 Pooled and single study results for kinetic, kinematic and muscle activation variables at trunk and pelvis

From: What is the Effect of Changing Running Step Rate on Injury, Performance and Biomechanics? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Variable

Preferred SR versus Increased SR

Preferred SR versus Reduced SR

Kinetics

Peak sacral acceleration

 + 10% [44]

 − 0.63 ( − 1.29, 0.02)

 − 10% [44]

0.05 ( − 0.59, 0.68)

Kinematics

Average trunk flexion during stance phase

 + 10% [33, 34]

0.00 ( − 0.39, 0.39)

  
 

Average trunk flexion at IC

 + 10% [34]

 − 0.01 ( − 0.51, 0.49)

  
 

Peak trunk flexion during stance phase

 + 10% [34]

0.05 ( − 0.45, 0.55)

  
 

Pelvic tilt

  

 − 10% [24]

1.40 (0.70, 2.10)

 

Peak contralateral pelvic drop

 + 10% (post 4 weeks) [23]

1.39 (0.48, 2.30)

  
  

 + 10% (post 12 weeks) [23]

1.39 (0.48, 2.30)

  
  1. SMD ± 95% CI are provided for each percentage increase or decrease in running step rate. SMD ± 95% CI presented in bold are statistically significant
  2. Abbreviations: IC initial contact