Study: author (year) | Number of matches/training sessions | Type of collisions | Frequency definition | Frequency of collisions: mean ± SD | Relative frequency of collisions: mean ± SD (no. per min) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rugby union | |||||||
Austin et al. (2011) [31] | 7 matches | Tackling | Number during match play | Front row forwards: 20 ± 4 | NR | ||
 |  |  |  | Back row forwards: 19 ± 4 |  |  | |
 |  |  |  | Inside backs: 25 ± 13 |  |  | |
 |  |  |  | Outside backs: 20 ± 7 |  |  | |
 |  | Scrummaging (ruck/maul/scrum) |  | Front row forwards: 62 ± 13 |  |  | |
 |  |  |  | Back row forwards: 68 ± 15 |  |  | |
 |  |  |  | Inside backs: 17 ± 7 |  |  | |
 |  |  |  | Outside backs: 14 ± 5 |  |  | |
Bradley et al. (2017) [33] | 60 matches | Scrum | Scrum (count) total: | 2013: 16.9 ± 4.3 |  | NR |  |
 |  |  |  | 2014: 14.7 ± 3.3 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | 2015: 14.5 ± 3.3 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | 2016: 16.5 ± 4.5 |  |  |  |
Campbell et al. (2017) [34] | 14 matches | Tackles | Per match or training session | Match: | Training: | Match: | Training: |
 | 29 training session |  | Outside backs: | 1.5 ± 1 | 1.1 ± 1.5 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.01 |
 |  |  | Centres: | 5.7 ± 2.6 | 2.9 ± 3.1 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.03 ± 0.04 |
 |  |  | Halves: | 4.5 ± 2.4 | 1.8 ± 2.2 | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 0.02 ± 0.02 |
 |  |  | Loose forwards: | 7.2 ± 3.2 | 2.4 ± 2.6 | 0.08 ± 0.03 | 0.02 ± 0.04 |
 |  |  | Locks forwards: | 6 ± 2.9 | 2.4 ± 2.6 | 0.07 ± 0.04 | 0.02 ± 0.02 |
 |  |  | Front row forwards: | 5.6 ± 3 | 1.7 ± 1.8 | 0.07 ± 0.05 | 0.02 ± 0.02 |
 |  | Rucks | Loose forwards: | 12.9 ± 4.2 | 1.3 ± 3.8 | 0.1 ± 0.04 | 0.01 ± 0.04 |
 |  |  | Locks forwards: | 15 ± 6.4 | 1 ± 4.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.01 ± 0.04 |
 |  |  | Front row forwards: | 10.9 ± 4.5 | 1.2 ± 3.6 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.01 ± 0.03 |
 |  | Mauls | Loose forwards: | 3.1 ± 2.7 | 1.5 ± 3 | 0.03 ± 0.03 | 0.01 ± 0.03 |
 |  |  | Locks forwards: | 3.3 ± 3 | 1.9 ± 3.3 | 0.03 ± 0.03 | 0.02 ± 0.03 |
 |  |  | Front row forwards: | 2.9 ± 2.6 | 1.8 ± 3.4 | 0.04 ± 0.04 | 0.02 ± 0.04 |
 |  | Scrums | Loose forwards: | 23.4 ± 3.9 | 1.8 ± 3.4 | 0.3 ± 0.06 | 0.02 ± 0.06 |
 |  |  | Locks forwards: | 21.4 ± 7.2 | 1.6 ± 3.2 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.01 ± 0.03 |
 |  |  | Front row forwards: | 21.7 ± 5.5 | 1.6 ± 3.2 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.01 ± 0.03 |
Deutsch et al. (1998) [40] | 4 matches | Ruck/maul | Total | Props and Locks: 72 ± 7 |  | NR |  |
 |  |  |  | Back row: 78 ± 8 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Inside backs: 12 ± 2 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Outside backs: 9 ± 4 |  |  |  |
 |  | Scrum |  | Props and Locks: 32 ± 3 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Back row: 35 ± 1 |  |  |  |
Deutsch et al. (2007) [41] | 9 matches | Â | Â | Forwards: | Backs: | NR | Â |
 |  | Ruck/maul | Total | 66.9 ± 15.8 | 9.5 ± 5.7 |  |  |
 |  | Scrum |  | 38.2 ± 8.7 |  |  |  |
 |  | Tackling |  | 23.1 ± 14 | 23.4 ± 10.2 |  |  |
Duthie et al. (2005) [43] | 16 matches | Â | Â | Forwards: | Backs: | NR | Â |
 |  | Static exertion | No per game | Front row: 78 ± 16 | Inside back: 27 ± 10 |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Back row: 82 ± 17 | Outside back: 13 ± 5 |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Total: 80 ± 17 | Total: 21 ± 11 |  |  |
 |  | Tackles | No per game | Front row: 10 ± 8 | Inside back: 11 ± 6 |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Back row: 13 ± 5 | Outside back: 7 ± 4 |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Total: 11 ± 7 | Total: 9 ± 6 |  |  |
Eaton et al. (2006) [44] | 6 matches | Rucks and mauls | Number | Prop: 38 ± 12 |  | NR |  |
 |  |  |  | Hooker: 49 ± 10 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Lock: 49 ± 19 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Loose: 48 ± 13 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Scrum half: 15 ± 5 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Inside back: 15 ± 9 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Outside back: 13 ± 6 |  |  |  |
 |  | Tackling: Tackler |  | Prop: 8 ± 4 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Hooker: 8 ± 4 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Lock: 11 ± 3 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Loose: 13 ± 6 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Scrum half: 11 ± 4 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Inside back: 9 ± 4 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Outside back: 6 ± 3 |  |  |  |
 |  | Tackled |  | Prop: 5 ± 3 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Hooker: 7 ± 4 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Lock: 4 ± 2 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Loose: 8 ± 5 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Scrum half: 9 ± 4 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Inside back: 5 ± 3 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Outside back: 5 ± 3 |  |  |  |
 |  | Scrums |  | Prop: 29 ± 6 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Hooker: 29 ± 6 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Lock: 29 ± 6 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Loose: 27 ± 7 |  |  |  |
 |  |  | Average total | 29 ± 6 |  |  |  |
Fuller et al. (2007) [45] | 50 matches | Contact events | Total | 22,842 | Â | NR | Â |
 |  | Scrums | Total | 1447 |  |  |  |
 |  | Tackles | Total | 11,048 |  |  |  |
 |  | Rucks | Total | 7124 |  |  |  |
 |  | Mauls | Total | 921 |  |  |  |
Fuller et al. (2008) [46] | 26 matches | Tackles | General play total | 6219 | Â | NR | Â |
 |  | One on one tackles | No of tackles in general play: | Tackler-1 (all): 3558 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Arm: 1690 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Collision: 384 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Jersey: 93 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Lift: 16 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Shoulder: 826 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Smoother: 526 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Tap: 23 |  |  |  |
 |  | Double tackles | No of tackles in general play: | Tackler-1 (all): 2512 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Arm: 1443 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Collision: 10 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Jersey: 86 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Lift: 11 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Shoulder: 746 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Smoother: 209 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Tap: 7 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Tackler-2 (all): 2512 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Arm: 1589 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Collision: 14 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Jersey: 22 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Lift: 3 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Shoulder: 358 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Smoother: 527 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Tap: 2 |  |  |  |
 |  | Arm double tackles: | No of tackles in general play: | Ball Carrier: |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Forward: 650 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Back: 750 |  |  |  |
 |  | One-on-one collision tackles: | No of tackles in general play: | Ball Carrier: |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Forward: 146 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Back: 217 |  |  |  |
Hendricks et al. (2013) [49] | 21 matches | Tackles | Per match | 114 ± 20 |  | NR |  |
 |  | Scrum | Total | 199 |  |  |  |
 |  | Maul | Total | 152 |  |  |  |
Hendricks et al. (2014) [50] | 18 matches | Tackles | Per match | 116 ± 20 |  | NR |  |
 |  |  | Each competition week | 149 |  |  |  |
 |  |  | Per team | 131 |  |  |  |
Hendricks et al. (2018) [8] | 12: Six Nations | Tackles | Total | 4479 | Â | NR | Â |
 | 15: Championship |  | Championship | 1853 |  |  |  |
 |  |  | Six Nations | 2626 |  |  |  |
 |  |  | Per match in Six Nations | 175 ± 21 |  |  |  |
 |  |  | Per match in Championship | 154 ± 36 |  |  |  |
 |  | Rucks | Total | 2914 |  |  |  |
 |  |  | Championship | 1234 |  |  |  |
 |  |  | Six Nations | 1680 |  |  |  |
 |  |  | Per match in Six Nations | 112 ± 27 |  |  |  |
 |  |  | Per match in Championship | 103 ± 30 |  |  |  |
Jones et al. (2014) [52] | 4 matches | Â | Â | Forwards: | Backs: | Â | Â |
 |  | Tackles | Per match | 5 ± 3 | 4 ± 3 |  |  |
 |  | Contacts hit | Per match | 15 ± 6 | 6 ± 4 |  |  |
 |  | Impacts | Total | 25 ± 9 | 15 ± 7 |  |  |
 |  | Scrum | Number | 13 ± 5 | 0 |  |  |
 |  | Contacts | Total | 31 ± 14 | 16 ± 7 |  |  |
Lacome et al. (2016) [54] | 18 matches | Tackles | Players Completing Entire Match | NR | Â | Forwards: | Backs: |
 |  |  |  |  |  | First half: | First half: |
 |  |  |  |  |  | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 |
 |  |  |  |  |  | Second half: 0.1 ± 0.1 | Second half: 0.1 ± 0.1 |
Lindsay et al. (2015) [55] | NR | Impacts: | Total | NR | Group: 0.5 ± 0.2 | ||
 |  |  |  |  |  | Forwards: 0.6 ± 0.2 | |
 |  |  |  |  |  | Backs: 0.4 ± 0.2 | |
 |  |  |  |  |  | Front row: 0.5 ± 0.1 | |
 |  |  |  |  |  | Locks: 0.5 ± 0.01 | |
 |  |  |  |  |  | Loose forwards: 0.6 ± 0.4 | |
 |  |  |  |  |  | Inside backs: 0.4 ± 0.2 | |
 |  |  |  |  |  | Outside backs: 0.3 ± 0.1 | |
 |  | Tackles and tackle assists: | Total |  |  | Groups: 0.1 ± 0.1 | |
 |  |  |  |  |  | Forwards: 0.2 ± 0.1 | |
 |  |  |  |  |  | Backs: 0.1 ± 0.1 | |
 |  |  |  |  |  | Front row: 0.1 ± 0.1 | |
 |  |  |  |  |  | Locks: 0.2 ± 0.1 | |
 |  |  |  |  |  | Loose forwards: 0.2 ± 0.1 | |
 |  |  |  |  |  | Inside backs: 0.1 ± 0.1 | |
 |  |  |  |  |  | Outside backs: 0.07 ± 0.1 | |
 |  | Rucks: | Total |  |  | Groups: 0.2 ± 0.2 | |
 |  |  |  |  |  | Forwards: 0.3 ± 0.3 | |
 |  |  |  |  |  | Backs: 0.1 ± 0.1 | |
 |  |  |  |  |  | Front row: 0.3 ± 0.1 | |
 |  |  |  |  |  | Locks: 0.3 ± 0.1 | |
 |  |  |  |  |  | Loose forwards: 0.4 ± 0.4 | |
 |  |  |  |  |  | Inside backs: 0.2 ± 0.1 | |
 |  |  |  |  |  | Outside backs: 0.1 ± 0.03 | |
 |  | Ball carries | Total |  |  | Groups: 0.1 ± 0.1 | |
 |  |  |  |  |  | Forwards: 0.1 ± 0.1 | |
 |  |  |  |  |  | Backs: 0.1 ± 0.1 | |
 |  |  |  |  |  | Front row: 0.1 ± 0.1 | |
 |  |  |  |  |  | Locks: 0.1 ± 0.02 | |
 |  |  |  |  |  | Loose forwards: 0.1 ± 0.1 | |
 |  |  |  |  |  | Inside backs: 0.1 ± 0.1 | |
 |  |  |  |  |  | Outside backs: 0.1 ± 0.1 | |
Lindsay et al. (2017) [56] | 2 matches | Impacts | Total | Game 1: 21.3 ± 13.4 |  | NR | |
 |  |  |  | Game 2: 26.8 ± 13.5 |  |  |  |
McIntosh et al. (2010) [57] | 77 matches (15 Elite, 15 Grade, 24 < 20) | Collisions | Total | Elite: 1422 |  | Tackle per hour: |  |
 |  |  |  | Grade: 1368 |  | Elite: 142 |  |
 |  |  |  | < 20: 2000 |  | Grade: 152 |  |
 |  |  |  |  |  | < 20: 135 |  |
Quarrie et al. (2007) [63] | 26 matches | Â | Number of match activities | 1995: | 2004: | NR | Â |
 |  | Scrums |  | 33 ± 7 | 26 ± 7 |  |  |
 |  | Rucks |  | 72 ± 18 | 178 ± 27 |  |  |
 |  | Mauls |  | 33 ± 8 | 22 ± 9 |  |  |
 |  | Tackles |  | 160 ± 32 | 270 ± 25 |  |  |
Quarrie et al. (2008) [64] | 434 matches | Tackle events | Total analysed | 140,269 | Â | NR | Â |
 |  |  | Per game | 203 ± 29 |  |  |  |
Quarrie et al. (2012) [65] | 27 matches | Scrums | Per match | Prop: 25 ± 7.8 |  | NR |  |
 |  |  |  | Hooker: 25 ± 7.6 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Lock: 25 ± 7.9 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Flankers: 25 ± 7.9 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Number 8: 25 ± 7.5 |  |  |  |
 |  | Mauls | Per match | Prop: 1.4 ± 1.5 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Hooker: 2 ± 2.04 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Lock: 1.9 ± 1.9 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Flankers: 1.8 ± 1 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Number 8: 1.8 ± 1.4 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Scrum Half: 0.2 ± 1 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Fly Half: 0.2 ± 0.8 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Midfield back: 0.3 ± 0.8 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Wing: 0.2 ± 1 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Full back: 0.3 ± 0.8 |  |  |  |
 |  | Successful tackles | Per match | Prop: 7.9 ± 3.6 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Hooker: 9.7 ± 3.8 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Lock: 11 ± 3.8 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Flankers: 14 ± 4.1 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Number 8: 12 ± 4 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Scrum Half: 8.2 ± 3.3 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Fly Half: 9.7 ± 3.5 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Midfield back: 10 ± 4 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Wing: 5.5 ± 2.7 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Full back: 4.1 ± 2.3 |  |  |  |
 |  | Number of times tackled | Per match | Prop: 3.6 ± 2.6 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Hooker: 6.2 ± 3.2 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Lock: 4.7 ± 2.8 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Flankers: 6.1 ± 3.4 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Number 8: 9.7 ± 3.9 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Scrum Half: 4.3 ± 2.7 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Fly Half: 3.9 ± 2.6 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Midfield back: 6.5 ± 3.1 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Wing: 5.4 ± 2.9 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Full back: 6.1 ± 3.1 |  |  |  |
Reardon et al. (2017) [24] | 13 matches | Collisions | Total | Prop: 33 ± 8 |  | NR |  |
 |  |  |  | Hooker: 29 ± 8 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Second row: 33 ± 7 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Back row: 42 ± 8 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Scrum half: 10 ± 6 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Out half: 19 ± 3 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Centre: 23 ± 7 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Wing: 22 ± 3 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Fullback: 20 ± 5 |  |  |  |
Reardon et al. (2017) [66] | 17 matches | Collisions | NR | NR |  | Tight five forwards: 0.7 ± 0.6–0.8 | |
 |  |  |  |  |  | Back row forwards: 0.9 ± 0.8–1.01 | |
 |  |  |  |  |  | Inside backs: 0.3 ± 0.2–0.4 | |
 |  |  |  |  |  | Outside backs: 0.4 ± 0.3–0.6 | |
Roberts et al. (2008) [68] | NR | Â | Â | Forwards: | Backs: | NR | Â |
 |  | Rucks | Number | 35 ± 8 | 11 ± 6 |  |  |
 |  | Mauls |  | 25 ± 8 | 4 ± 4 |  |  |
 |  | Scrum |  | 21 ± 12 |  |  |  |
 |  | Tackle |  | 14 ± 4 | 10 ± 4 |  |  |
Roberts et al. (2014) [69] | 30 matches (10 from each group: A, B, C) | Collisions | Total analysed | 370 | Â | NR | Â |
 |  | Scrums | Per match | 32.2 |  |  |  |
 |  | Tackles | Per match | 140.9 |  |  |  |
 |  | Rucks | Per match | 115.0 |  |  |  |
 |  | Mauls | Per match | 23.4 |  |  |  |
Schoeman et al. (2015) [73] | 30 matches | Tackles | Per position | 60 | Â | NR | Â |
 |  |  | Total tackles in 30 games: | Loose-head prop: 568 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Hooker: 475 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Tight-head prop: 553 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Loose-head lock: 666 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Tight-head lock: 674 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Blind-side flank: 742 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Open-side flank: 868 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Eighthman: 797 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Scrum-half: 423 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Fly-half: 505 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Left wing: 277 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Inside centre: 668 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Outside centre: 515 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Right wing: 319 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Full-back: 301 |  |  |  |
 |  |  | Mean collision rate/80 min: | Loose-head prop: 39.3 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Hooker: 38.5 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Tight-head prop: 42.1 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Loose-head lock: 44.8 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Tight-head lock: 41.2 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Blind-side flank: 46.1 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Open-side flank: 50.9 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Eighthman: 43.1 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Scrum-half: 16.3 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Fly-half: 19.5 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Left wing: 19.4 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Inside centre: 32.3 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Outside centre: 25.7 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Right wing: 19.9 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Full-back: 20.5 |  |  |  |
 |  |  | Mean tackle rate/80 min: | Loose-head prop: 12.1 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Hooker: 11.1 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Tight-head prop: 13.2 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Loose-head lock: 13.7 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Tight-head lock: 14.1 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Blind-side flank: 16.6 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Open-side flank: 17.3 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Eighthman: 14.7 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Scrum-half: 8.9 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Fly-half: 9.4 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Left wing: 5.2 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Inside centre: 12.9 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Outside centre: 9.9 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Right wing: 6.3 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Full-back: 5.4 |  |  |  |
Smart et al. (2008) [74] | 5 matches | Â | Â | Forwards: | Backs: | Forwards: | Backs: |
 |  | Tackles made | Per match | 13.6 ± 7.5 | 6.5 ± 4.7 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.1 |
 |  | Scrum | Number | 12 ± 4.4 | 0 |  |  |
 |  | Scrum | Total | 147.4 ± 89.8 | 0 |  |  |
 |  | Impact | Per match | 43.6 ± 18.3 | 13.5 ± 7.4 |  |  |
 |  | Collisions |  |  |  |  |  |
Smart et al. (2014) [75] | 296 matches | Tackles | Successful tackles (%) | Forwards: | Backs: | NR | Â |
 |  |  |  | 88 ± 14 | 80 ± 20 |  |  |
Takarada (2003) [79] | 2 matches | Tackle | Mean tackles per match | 14 ± 7.4 |  | NR |  |
Tucker et al. (2017) [85] | 1516 matches | Rucks | Per match | 162.9 | Â | NR | Â |
 |  | Mauls | Per match | 10.4 |  |  |  |
 |  | Tackles | Per match | 158 |  |  |  |
 |  |  | Tackles/player/match | Fly half: 5 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Scrum half: 3.8 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Centre: 5.8 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Full back: 2.1 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Wing: 2.7 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Hooker: 6.9 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Number 8: 6.4 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Prop: 5.5 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Lock: 6.1 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Flanker: 7.4 |  |  |  |
Van Rooyen et al. (2008) [86] | 7 matches | Impact contacts | Average per game | Total: 386 | Â | NR | Â |
 |  |  |  | Forwards: 257 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Backs: 125 |  |  |  |
 |  |  | Scrum: | Forwards: 81 |  |  |  |
 |  |  | Ruck: | Forwards: 48 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Backs: 8 |  |  |  |
 |  |  | Maul: | Forwards: 14 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Backs: 4.5 |  |  |  |
Van Rooyen et al. (2012) [87] | 69 matches | Tackles | Total per match | 21,886 (average 159 ± 42) |  | NR |  |
 |  |  | 6 Nations | 165 ± 28 |  |  |  |
 |  |  | Tri Nations | 141 ± 24 |  |  |  |
 |  |  | RWC | 156 ± 47 |  |  |  |
Van Rooyen et al. (2014) [88] | 15 matches | Tackle | Tackle situations per match | Average: 191 ± 32 |  | NR |  |
 |  |  |  | Average winning team: 89 ± 30 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Average losing team: 101 ± 24 |  |  |  |
Vaz et al. (2010) [89] | ons: 64 matches | Tackles made: | Total | Winners: | Losers: | NR | Â |
 |  |  |  | 88 ± 27.6 | 89 ± 37.8 |  |  |
 | S12 competition: 95 matches |  |  | 112.7 ± 33.1 | 99.4 ± 30 |  |  |
Vaz et al. (2012) [90] | Training session (Small sided games) | Tackles | Tackles made: | Novice: | Experienced: | NR | Â |
 |  |  |  | 28.2 ± 3.3 | 48.7 ± 3.3 |  |  |
Villarejo et al. (2013) [92] | 48 matches | Tackles | Attempted tackles | Front row: 10 | Â | NR | Â |
 |  |  |  | Second row: 10.9 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Back row: 14.3 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Scrum halves: 12.5 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Middle backs: 10.5 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Back three: 5.9 |  |  |  |
 |  |  | Tackles made | Front row: 8 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Second row: 8.6 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Back row: 11.2 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Scrum halves: 8.3 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Middle backs: 7.2 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Back three: 3.7 |  |  |  |
 |  |  | Ineffective tackles | Front row: 0.7 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Second row: 0.6 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Back row: 1.1 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Scrum halves: 1.7 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Middle backs: 1.2 |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Back three: 0.9 |  |  |  |
Villarejo et al. (2015) [93] | 48 matches | Tackles | Attempted tackles | Winning team: | Losing team: | NR | Â |
 |  |  |  | Front row: 10.5 ± 14.04 | Front row: 9.4 ± 12.4 |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Second row: 10.2 ± 8.6 | Second row: 11.6 ± 14.9 |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Back row: 14.5 ± 14.6 | Back row: 14.2 ± 17.6 |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Scrum halves: 9.5 ± 11.1 | Scrum halves: 15.3 ± 24.7 |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Inside backs: 9.3 ± 12.9 | Inside backs: 11.4 ± 10.6 |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Outside backs: 5.5 ± 9.6 | Outside backs: 6.2 ± 7.4 |  |  |
 |  |  | Effective tackles: | Front row: 8.9 ± 12.9 | Front row: 6.8 ± 9.8 |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Second row: 8.4 ± 7.3 | Second row: 8.7 ± 9.5 |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Back row: 12 ± 11.6 | Back row: 10.6 ± 14.9 |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Scrum halves: 7.5 ± 9.3 | Scrum halves: 8.8 ± 15.4 |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Inside backs: 7.02 ± 10.9 | Inside backs: 7.1 ± 7.2 |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Outside backs: 4 ± 7.5 | Outside backs: 3.3 ± 3.7 |  |  |
 |  |  | Ineffective tackles: | Front row: 0.5 ± 2 | Front row: 0.9 ± 2.4 |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Second row: 0.5 ± 1.1 | Second row: 0.8 ± 1.5 |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Back row: 1 ± 4.1 | Back row: 1.1 ± 2.8 |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Scrum halves: 1.1 ± 3.1 | Scrum halves: 2.3 ± 6 |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Inside backs: 0.7 ± 2.03 | Inside backs: 1.5 ± 2.8 |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Outside backs: 0.5 ± 1.7 | Outside backs: 1.4 ± 6.1 |  |  |
Virr et al. (2014) [94] | 10 matches | Ruck/maul/tackle | Total number | Forwards: | Backs: | NR | Â |
 |  | Scrum |  | 61 ± 12 | 25 ± 11 |  |  |
 |  |  |  | 33 ± 7 |  |  |  |
Rugby sevens | |||||||
Clarke et al. (2016) [37] | 2 matches | Collisions | Collisions | Men: 51 | Â | NR | Â |
 |  |  |  | Women: 44 |  |  |  |
Hendricks et al. (2019) [3] | 135 matches | Tackles | Per match | 1.9 ± 1.3 |  | NR |  |
 |  |  | Total | 8.4 ± 4.1 |  |  |  |
 |  | Ruck | Total | 0.4 ± 0.7 |  |  |  |
Higham et al. (2014) [5] | 196 matches | Scrums | Per team per match | Â | Â | NR | Â |
 |  | Rucks | Per team per match |  |  |  |  |
 |  | Mauls | Per team per match |  |  |  |  |
Peeters et al. (2019) [60] | 32 matches | Contact actions | Tackles/collisions/rucks/ mauls | Forwards: | Backs: | NR | Â |
 |  |  |  | First half: 5.3 ± 2.8 | First half: 5.3 ± 3 |  |  |
 |  |  |  | Second half: 6.3 ± 2.9 | Second half: 6.1 ± 2.7 |  |  |
Reyneke et al. (2018) [67] | 15 matches | Tackles: | Low (< 21 score): | 3.4 ± 1.8 |  | NR |  |
 |  |  | High (>/ = 21 score): | 3 ± 2 |  |  |  |
 |  | Scrums | Low (< 21 score): | 1.6 ± 1.3 |  |  |  |
 |  |  | High (>/ = 21 score): | 1.2 ± 1.8 |  |  |  |
 |  | Ball Carry | Low (< 21 score): | 4.4 ± 2.9 |  |  |  |
 |  |  | High (>/ = 21 score): | 4.9 ± 2.5 |  |  |  |
Ross et al. (2015) [70] | NR | Tackles: | Total | NR | Â | Â | Â |
 |  |  | Provincial: |  |  | 0.2 ± 0.1 |  |
 |  |  | International: |  |  | 0.2 ± 0.2 |  |
 |  | Rucks: | Provincial: |  |  | 0.1 ± 0.1 |  |
 |  |  | International: |  |  | 0.2 ± 0.2 |  |
 |  | Ball Carries: | Provincial: |  |  | 0.3 ± 0.2 |  |
 |  |  | International: |  |  | 0.2 ± 0.2 |  |
Ross et al. (2015) [71] | 54 matches | Â | Â | Forwards: | Backs: | NR | Â |
 |  | Tackles | Per match | 2.7 ± 2.6 | 2.41 ± 2.5 |  |  |
 |  | Scrums |  | 1.8 ± 1.9 |  |  |  |
 |  | Ball Carries |  | 3.2 ± 2.4 | 4.1 ± 3.2 |  |  |
Ross et al. (2016) [72] | 37 matches (between team analysis) | Tackles | Dominant tackles per match: | 2.1 ± 2.3 |  | NR |  |
 | 50 matches (single team analysis) |  | Ineffective tackles: | 8.1 ± 3.9 |  |  |  |
 |  | Rucks | Defensive ruck average per match: | 1.2 ± 0.3 |  |  |  |
 |  |  | Ruck average: | 1.2 ± 0.2 |  |  |  |