Physical Health Impairment and Exercise as Medicine in Severe Mental Disorders: A Narrative Review

Brobakken, Mathias Forsberg; Nygård, Mona; Wang, Eivind

doi:10.1186/s40798-022-00490-3

Sports Medicine - Open

Table 2 Maximal skeletal muscle strength and power in people with severe mental disorders

From: Physical Health Impairment and Exercise as Medicine in Severe Mental Disorders: A Narrative Review

Study	Population	Maximal strength and power						Men/women, n		Age, years		Protocol
		SMD		Healthy normative values		Difference (%)		SMD	Healthy references	SMD	Healthy references
		Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	SMD	Healthy references	SMD	Healthy references
Nygård et al. [54]	Schizophrenia spectrum disorders^a	1RM: 14.2 ± 4.0 P: 22.0 ± 8.7	1RM: 10.6 ± 2.7 P: 14.5 ± 4.6	1RM: 17.5 ± 3.6 P: 31.3 ± 6.2	1RM: 12.2 ± 2.6 P: 19.3 ± 4.9	1RM: − 19% P: − 30%	1RM: − 13% P: − 25%	28/20	28/20	35 ± 11	35 ± 11	Case–control study with standardized incremental strength tests in leg press
Vancampfort et al. [65]	Schizophrenia spectrum disorders	Handgrip MVC: 41.7 ± 12.7 Abdominal muscle strength: 10 ± 8 Standing broad jump: 127 ± 50		Handgrip MVC: 48.6 ± 12.9 Abdominal muscle strength: 18 ± 7 Standing broad jump: 172 ± 32		Handgrip MVC: − 14% Abdominal muscle strength: − 46% Standing broad jump: − 26%		14/8	14/8	41 ± 10	40 ± 10	Case–control study with a standardized test battery of muscle strength and power
Bader et al. [64]	Major depressive disorder	Hip extension: 461.2 Knee extension: 245.2		Hip extension: 682.3 Knee extension: 421.0		Hip extension: − 32% Knee extension: − 42%		11/9	11/9	47	47	Case–control study with standardized isometric strength tests utilizing force cells
Lawrie et al. [67]	Major depressive disorder	Handgrip MVC: Right hand: 25.2 ± 10.8 Left hand: 20.0 ± 11.8		Right hand: 35.2 ± 8.4 Left hand: 33.9 ± 7.7		Right hand: − 28% Left hand: − 41%		8/12	4/11	44 ± 12	41 ± 13	Patients compared with healthy group with handgrip dynamometer performance averaged over three attempts
Vancampfort et al. [66]	Bipolar disorder	Handgrip MVC: 38.6 ± 11.4 Abdominal muscle strength: 12 ± 8 Standing broad jump: 135 ± 49		Handgrip MVC: 46.6 ± 12.4 Abdominal muscle strength: 18 ± 8 Standing broad jump: 168 ± 32		Handgrip MVC: − 17% Abdominal muscle strength: − 37% Standing broad jump: − 20%		16/14	16/14	41 ± 12	41 ± 11	Case–control study with a standardized test battery of muscle strength and power

Data are mean and standard deviation if reported, and presented as sex-specific values if available, or sexes combined when not
SMD, severe mental disorders; 1RM, one-repetition maximum (kg); P, power (N m s⁻¹); MVC; maximum voluntary contraction (kg); abdominal muscle strength (repetitions per 30 s); standing broad jump (cm); hip/knee extension (N)
^aAllometrically scaled values.

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