Table 1 Summary of blended care intervention studies
References | Blended care intervention (IG) | Control groups (CG) | Baseline n (IG) | Baseline n (CG) | Mean age (SD) | Female (%) | Measurement method | Duration (week) | Delivery mode | Target group | Theory/strategies of behavior change | Cohen’s d (95% confidence interval) | Risk of bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Albright et al. USA [46] | Individual meeting, Web-based intervention | Digital intervention | 154 | 157 | 31.9 | 100 | MVPA min/week (questionnaire) | 52 | Parallel | Postpartum women | Motivational interviewing | + 0.36 (1) | Low |
Alley et al. Australia [47] | Individual meeting, Web-based intervention | Digital intervention, waiting list | 126 | 80 | 54 | 76 | PA min/week (questionnaire) | 8 | Parallel | Inactive adults | Theory of Planned Behavior, Elaboration Likelihood Model | + 0.55 (1) (2) | Some concerns |
Anderson et al. UK [63] | Individual meeting, Web-based intervention | Treatment as usual | 39 | 39 | 47.1 (12.8) | 88 | Change of moderate PA min/day (accelerometer) | 12 | Parallel | Adults with cancer screening | Social Cognitive Theory, Self-Regulating Theory, Health Action Process Approach | + 0.25 (−0.33; 0.83) | Some concerns |
Broekhuizen et al. Netherlands [48] | Individual meeting, Web-based intervention | Treatment as usual | 181 | 159 | 45.3 | 57 | MVPA min/week (questionnaire) | 52 | Sequential | Adults with familial hypercholesterolemia | Integrated Model for Exploring Motivational and Behavioral Change, motivational interviewing | -(3) | Low |
Christian et al. USA [49] | Individual meeting, computer-based intervention | Treatment as usual | 155 | 155 | 53.2 | 66 | Change in PA MET min/week (questionnaire) | 40 | Sequential | Overweight adults with diabetes | Motivational interviewing | + 0.59 (0.35; 0.83) | Some concerns |
Collins et al. USA [67] | Individual meeting, text messages, app-based intervention | Treatment as usual | 35 | 34 | 58.7 (6.8) | 86 | Steps min/week (pedometer) | 26 | Parallel | Latinos > 50 years | Motivational interviewing, patient-centered assessment and counseling for exercise | + 0.34 (−0.14; 0.82) | Low |
Crane et al. USA [50] | Individual meeting, Web-based intervention | Waiting list | 53 | 54 | 44.2 | 0 | PA in caloric expenditure kcal (questionnaire) | 24 | Sequential | Overweight/ obese men | Self-Determination Theory, Social Cognitive Theory | –(4) | Low |
Duncan et al. Australia [51] | Individual mail, text messages, app-based intervention | Waiting list | 80 | 36 | 44.5 (10.4) | 71 | MVPA min/week (accelerometer), MVPA min/day (questionnaire) | 52 | Parallel | Adults with BMI > 25 | Social Cognitive Theory, Self-Regulating Theory | –(4) | Low |
Fischer et al. Switzerland [52] | Individual meeting, text messages, Web-based intervention | Digital intervention | 93 | 96 | 42.2 (11.4) | 68 | MVPA min/week (questionnaire) | 26 | Parallel | Inactive adults | Motivation and Volition Theory, Behavior Change Wheel | + 0.33 (1) (5) (6) | Some concerns |
Glasgow et al. USA [53] | Individual meeting, group sessions, Web-based intervention, automatic phone call | Digital intervention, treatment as usual | 331 | 132 | 58.4 (9.2) | 50 | PA in caloric expenditure per week (questionnaire) | 16 | Parallel | Adults with diabetes type 2 | Social Cognitive Theory, Self-Efficacy Theory, “5 As” Self-Management Model | + 0.23 (1) (7) | Some concerns |
McDermott et al. USA [64] | Individual meeting, group sessions, Web-based intervention | Treatment as usual | 99 | 101 | 70.2 | 53 | PA min/day (accelerometer) | 40 | Parallel | Adults with peripheral artery disease | Social Cognitive Theory | −0.01 (−0.3; 0.25) | Some concerns |
Morgan et al. Australia [68] | Individual meeting, individual mail, Web-based intervention | Treatment as usual | 34 | 31 | 35.9 (11.1) | 0 | PA in steps min/week (pedometer) | 12 | Parallel | Overweight, obese adults | Social Cognitive Theory | –(4) | Low |
Mouton and Cloes Belgium [54] | Training, group session, Web-based intervention | Digital intervention, therapist-guided intervention, waiting list | 52 | 52 (DI) 52 (TG) 50 (WL) | 65.3 | 64 | PA in MET min/week (questionnaire) | 12 | Parallel | Adults > 50 years | Transtheoretical Model, Stages of Change Model | + 0.2 (1) (2) | Some concerns |
Partridge et al. Australia [55] | Individual meeting, individual mail, text messages, app- and Web-based intervention | Digital intervention | 123 | 125 | 27.4 | 61 | PA in MET min/week (questionnaire) | 12 | Parallel | Young adults at risk of weight gain | Transtheoretical Model, Stages of Change Model | + 0.16 (−0.09; 0.41) | Low |
Plotnikoff et al. Australia [69] | Group session, training, app-based intervention | Waiting list | 42 | 42 | 44.7 (14.0) | 70 | Steps min/week (pedometer) | 20 | Parallel, sequential | Adults with diabetes type 2 | Social Cognitive Theory, Health Action Process Approach | + 0.56 (1) | Low |
Richardson et al. USA [70] | Chat, individual mail, Web-based intervention | Digital intervention | 254 | 70 | 52 (11.4) | 65 | Steps min/day (pedometer) | 16 | Parallel | Adults with BMI > 25, diabetes type 2, coronary artery disease | Social Cognitive Theory, Social Learning Theory | + 0.38 (0.11; 0.64) | Some concerns |
Rubinstein et al. Argentina [56] | Individual meeting, text messages | Treatment as usual | 316 | 321 | 43.4 | 54 | PA in MET min/week (questionnaire) | 52 | Parallel | Adults with prehypertension | Transtheoretical Model, Health Belief Model | –(3) | Low |
Schaller et al. Germany [57] | Individual meeting, group session, chat, Web-based intervention | Treatment as usual | 201 | 211 | 50.4 | 31 | PA in MET min/week (questionnaire) | 29 | Parallel, sequential | Adults with orthopedic disorders | Motivation and Volition Theory, Rubicon Model of Action Phases | + 0.09 (−0.10; 0.28) | Low |
Sniehotta et al. UK [65] | Individual meeting, individual mail, text messages, Web-based intervention | Digital intervention | 144 | 144 | 41.8 | 77 | PA min/day (accelerometer) | 52 | Parallel | Adults with previous weight loss | Self-Regulating Theory, Health Action Process Approach | + 0.12 (−0.12; 0.37) | Low |
Steele et al. Australia [62] | Individual meeting, Web-based intervention | Digital intervention, therapist-guided intervention | 65 | 62 (DI) 65 (TG) | 38.7 (12.0) | 83 | MVPA min/week (questionnaire) Steps min/day (pedometer) | 12 | Parallel | Inactive adults | Social Cognitive Theory | TG: −0.21 (−0.56; 0.13) DI: −0.31 (−0.66; 0.04) | Low |
Torbjørnsen et al. Norway [71] | Individual meeting, chat, app-based intervention | Digital intervention, treatment as usual | 50 | 51 (DI) 50 (TAU) | 57 | 41 | Change in PA (questionnaire) | 52 | Parallel, sequential | Adults with diabetes type 2 | Motivational interviewing, Transtheoretical Model, Problem-Solving Model | –(4) | Some concerns |
Turner et al. USA [59] | Individual meeting, computer-based intervention | Treatment as usual | 31 | 33 | 53.1 | 36 | PA in MET min/week (questionnaire) | 26 | Parallel | Adults with multiple sclerosis | Motivational interviewing | + 0.92 (0.40; 1.44) | Some concerns |
van der Weegen et al. Netherlands [66] | Individual meeting, individual mail, app- and Web-based intervention | Treatment as usual, therapist-guided intervention | 65 | 68 (TAU) 66 (TG) | 57.9 | 51 | MVPA in MET min/week (accelerometer) | 26 | Parallel | Adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary, diabetes type 2 | “5 As” Self-Management Model | + 0.3 (1) | Low |
Wilbur et al. USA [60] | Group session, automatic phone call | Therapist-guided intervention | 97 | 95 | 53.1 (6.5) | 100 | MVPA min/week (questionnaire) | 48 | Parallel | Sedentary African-American women | Social Cognitive Theory, Motivational interviewing | + 0.21 (−0.09; 0.51) | Low |
Wylie-Rosett et al. USA [61] | Individual meeting, group session, computer-based intervention | Treatment as usual | 236 | 236 | 52.2 | 82 | PA in walking min/day (questionnaire) | 52 | Parallel | Adults with BMI > 25 | Transtheoretical Model | + 0.32 (0.09; 0.54) | Some concerns |