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Table 4 Summary of study kinematic and kinanthropometric correlations to underwater kick velocity

From: The Relationship Between Undulatory Underwater Kick Performance Determinants and Underwater Velocity in Competitive Swimmers: A Systematic Review

Reference

Kinematic variables (a)

Kinanthropometric variables (b)

Correlation to UUS velocity

Regression (r2)

a

b

Alves et al. [6]

Foot resultant acceleration

Kick frequency

Transverse elbow amplitude

0.94**

0.90*

0.90*

 

Atkison et al. [10]

Max vertical toe velocity(UK)

Horizontal kick displacement(DK)

Max vertical toe velocity(DK:UK)

Max knee flex/ext angle

Max knee ext angle

Max ankle flex/ext angle

Max chest flex angle

Max chest flex/ext angle

Max ankle ext angle

0.63*

0.63*

− 0.73*

0.88*

0.84*

0.67*

0.61*

0.52*

0.45*

 

Connaboy et al. [34]

Max knee angular velocity

Max knee angular velocity, max ankle angular velocity and knee ROM

Max knee angular velocity, max ankle angular velocity and knee ROM

 

0.63***

 

0.94 (participant as fixed factor)

0.40 (no fixed factor)

Higgs et al. [15]

Peak vertical toe velocity

Body wave velocity

Peak hip angular velocity (UK)

Mean knee angular velocity (UK)

UK duration

 

0.85*

0.78*

0.73*

− 0.63*

− 0.79*

  

Hochstein and Blickhan [7]

Kick frequency

 

0.43**

  

Houel et al. [36]

Hip: Angle of attack (thigh) + Phase time (ankle)

COM: Angle of attack (thigh) + Phase time (ankle)

COM: Angle of attack (foot)

COM: Phase time (Knee)

Hip: Kick frequency

Hip: Angle of attack (trunk)

COM: Phase time (ankle)

COM: Kick Amplitude

   

0.89***

0.79**

0.7**

0.68**

0.68**

0.56**

0.52*

0.43*

Houel and Elipot [37]

Kick frequency (7 m)

Angle of attack (leg) (5.5 m)

Angle of attack (thigh) (6.5 m)

Angle of attack (trunk) (5.5 m)

Angle of attack (foot) (6 m)

Kick amplitude (5.5 m)

 

0.67*

− 0.63*

− 0.65*

− 0.65*

− 0.65*

− 0.66*

  

Ikeda et al. [41]

Shoulder (°)

Lower trunk (°) angular displacement in deceleration phase

Upper leg (rad/s) angular displacement in acceleration phase

Ankle (m)

Lower leg (°)

Lower trunk (°) angular displacement in acceleration phase

Inferior end of the rib (m)

Relative coordinate value to GT shoulder (m)

Lower trunk (°)

 

0.80*

0.68*

− 0.67*

− 0.68*

− 0.70*

− 0.72*

− 0.87**

− 0.87**

− 0.91**

  

Willems et al. [24]

 

Dorsi flex strength

Ankle internal rotation strength

 

0.53*

0.47*

 
  1. Values for each study are listed from highest to lowest correlation
  2. Kinematic variables (a), Kinanthropometric variables (b), UUS undulatory underwater kick, UP up kick, DK down kick, max maximal, flex flexion, ext extension, ROM range of motion
  3. *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p < 0.001
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