From: A Proposed Framework to Describe Movement Variability within Sporting Tasks: A Scoping Review
Study | Task performed | Format of collected data | Explicitly defined terms | Implicitly defined terms (Defined through analysis) | Undefined terms |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aljohani and Kipp [66] | Treadmill continuous long slow distance running | Kinematics, kinetics, and electromyography | – | Continuous relative phase variability Movement patterns Coupling angle variability Vector coding variability | Movement variability Coordination pattern |
Bańkosz and Winiarski [67] | Table tennis topspin forehand | Kinematics and outcome | Intra-individual variability Variability Functional changeability Equifinality Random variability | – | Movement variability Functional variability Inter-individual variability Motor variability Movement functionality Specific variability Coordination patterns |
Barris et al. [7] | Springboard diving | Kinematics and outcome | Functional movement adaptability Degeneracy | – | Adaptive movement variability Movement pattern variability Functional variability Performance variability Functional movement variability Functional adaptive movement variability Emergent movement form |
Bobrownicki et al. [68] | Dart throwing | Kinematics and outcome | – | – | Joint variability Movement variability |
Chang et al. [69] | Multiple tasks | Review | – | Joint angle coordination Coordination variability Variability | Movement variability |
Chow et al. [70] | Kicking a soccer ball for goal | Kinematics and outcome | – | – | Movement variability Inter-individual variability Movement pattern variability Macro variability Movement cluster variability Behavioural variability Cognitive-motor strategies |
Duarte and Reinkensmeyer [71] | Virtual golf club swing | Kinematics | – | – | Kinematic variability |
Fargier et al. [72] | Squat vertical jump | Kinematics | Intra-limb variability Inter-limb variability | Segmental coordination types | – |
Floria et al. [73] | Countermovement vertical jump | Kinetics | – | – | Multiple-trial variability Jumping variability |
García-Pinillos et al. [74] | Continuous treadmill running | Kinematics | – | – | Step variability Spatial and temporal step kinematic variability Gait variability Spatiotemporal variability |
Gorman and Maloney [24] | Basketball shooting | Kinematics and outcome | – | – | Movement variability Movement pattern |
Grassi et al. [75] | Gymnastics flic-flac | Kinematics | – | – | Spatiotemporal consistency |
Guignard et al. [76] | Swimming | Review | Adaptability Stability Flexibility High-order parameters Movement and coordination variability Degeneracy Isofunctionality Coordination patterns | – | Inter-cyclic variability Movement system variability Coordination dynamics Functional variability Inter-cycle variability Movement coordination Performance variability Within-cycle variability Between-cycle variability Inter-individual variability Behavioural variability Inter-cyclic movement variability Inter-arm spatial–temporal coordination Inter-arm coordination Coordination strategies |
Hamill et al. [14] | Multiple tasks | Review | Coordinative variability End-point variability Dynamical variability Measurement noise | – | Goal variability |
Harrison et al. [77] | Vertical jump | Kinematics | Coordination | Inter-joint coordination patterns | Coordination variability |
Haudum et al. [78] | Continuous treadmill running | Kinematics | – | – | Joint coordination variability Functional variability Intervention-induced variability Joint coupling variability Movement variability Within movement variability Acute variability Intralimb inter-joint coupling variability |
Hiley et al. [79] | Gymnastics giant swing | Kinematics | Functional variability | – | Kinematic variability Movement variability Timing variability Angle variability |
Hodges and Franks [80] | N/A | Review | – | – | Movement variability Coordination pattern Intra-individual variability Within-trial variability Between-trial variability Response variability Within-trial performance variability |
Irwin et al. [81] | Gymnastics long swings | Kinematics | – | – | Movement coordination pattern Coordination variability End-point variability Inter-participant variability Movement variability |
Komar et al. [82] | Swimming | Kinematics | Inter-limb coordination Neurobiological degeneracy Pluripotentiality Functional coordination | – | Movement variability Movement pattern variability Functional variability Coordination variability |
Komar et al. [12] | N/A | Review | Dexterity Variability Intra-trial variability Inter-trial variability Inter-subject variability | – | Adaptability Inter-individual variability |
Langdown et al. [83] | Golf | Review | Strategic movement variability Movement variability Functional movement variability Detrimental movement variability Inter-subject variability | – | Coordination patterns Intra-subject variability |
Malhotra et al. [84] | Golf swing | Kinematics and outcome | – | – | Movement variability |
Marquardt [85] | Golf putt | Kinematics, kinetics, and outcome | – | – | Movement automation |
Maurer et al. [86] | Goal-oriented throwing task | Kinematics and outcome | – | Timing/temporal variability | Intrinsic variability Release variability |
Middleton et al. [87] | Cricket bowling | Kinematics | – | – | Inter-trial variability Movement variability |
Mohammadi et al. [88] | 45° side-step cutting | Kinematics and kinetics | Degeneracy Functional variability Coordinative variability Limited variability Structured variability Intrinsic variability Externally imposed variability Flexibility | – | Adaptive movements Practice variability Execution variability Task goal variability Movement pattern Movement solutions Movement coordination repertoire |
Orth et al. [89] | Boxing | Kinematics, kinetics, and categorical data | Motor skill Coordination solution changes Control solution changes Task success Functionality Fluency Flexibility Persistency Originality Creativity Exploratory efficiency Coordination switching ratio Control switching ratio | – | Movement variability Exploration movement variability Functional movement variability |
Reeve et al. [90] | Landing | Kinematics | – | – | Kinematic variability Intrinsic variability Discrete phase variability |
Santos et al. [91] | Small-sided games of Soccer with mixed balls | Outcome | – | Creative movement behaviours Fluency Versatility | Inter-team coordination patterns Movement adaptability Task variability Movement exploration Movement pattern Movement (re)organisation |
Sayers [92] | Lawn bowling draw and drive shots | Kinematics and kinetics | – | – | Movement strategies Functional movement variability Movement variability Intra-individual variability Positional variability |
Schaefer et al. [93] | Cricket bowling | Kinematics and kinetics | – | – | Movement variability Coordination variability Technique variability |
Seifert et al. [94] | Ice climbing | Kinematics and categorical data | Movement variability Degeneracy Multi-stability Meta-stability Inter-limb coordination In-phase mode of coordination Anti-phase mode of coordination Intermediate phase mode of coordination Attunement | – | Functional intra-individual movement variability Inter-limb coordination patterns Movement pattern variability Adaptive movement pattern variability |
Slobounov et al. [95] | Springboard diving | Kinematics | – | – | Movement strategies Behavioural flexibility Movement variability Movement patterns Outcome variability Cognitive behavioural strategies |
Strongman and Morrison [96] | Review on injury and gait (including running) | Kinematics and electromyography | Stability Rigidity | – | Gait variability Movement variability Joint variability Muscle activation variability Movement patterns Gait patterns |
Tanaka and Sekiya [97] | Golf putting | Kinematics, electromyography, and psychological scales | – | Inter-trial variability | Movement variability |
Torres [98] | Martial arts jab | Kinematics | – | – | Motor variability Movement variability Movement trajectory variability Variability patterns Micro-movements’ variability |
Trounson et al. [99] | Shuttle runs with wearable resistance | Kinematics | Multi-stability Compensation pattern | Movement clusters Angle–angle variability Between-run variability Adaptation strategy Attractor state stability Behavioural meta-stability | Coordination patterns Adaptability Coordinative structure Movement variability Movement system degeneracy Task variability Movement strategies Joint kinematic variability Kinematic variability Movement options Joint angle variability Between-trial variability Functional movement adaptability Movement pattern flexibility Movement states |
van Ginneken et al. [100] | Goal-oriented throwing task | Kinematics | – | Trial-to-trial movement variability | Movement variability Trial-to-trial variability |
Wang et al. [101] | Running and sprinting | Kinematics | Trial-to-trial variability | Stride length variability Continuous relative phase (CRP) variability Movement variability Cadence variability Intralimb coordination variability Inter-limb coordination variability Angle variability Single joint variability | Running variability Flexibility patterns Movement patterns |
Wilson et al. [102] | Triple jump | Kinematics and kinetics | – | Coordination variability Between-trial and within-participant coordination variability | Functional variability Movement variability |
Wren et al. [103] | Drop jump, heel touch, and single-leg hops | Kinematics and kinetics | Trial-to-trial variability Trial-to-trial intra-individual variability | Within-subject variability Median variability | Movement patterns Chaotic pattern Movement variability Kinetic variability Kinematic variability |
Yang and Scholz [104] | Goal-oriented throwing task | Kinematics and outcome | – | Performance variable variability Movement direction variability Inter-joint coordination Joint configuration variance | Spatial variability Coordination patterns |