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Table 1 Defined and undefined terms in movement variability literature focused on sporting skills

From: A Proposed Framework to Describe Movement Variability within Sporting Tasks: A Scoping Review

Study

Task performed

Format of collected data

Explicitly defined terms

Implicitly defined terms (Defined through analysis)

Undefined terms

Aljohani and Kipp [66]

Treadmill continuous long slow distance running

Kinematics, kinetics, and electromyography

Continuous relative phase variability

Movement patterns

Coupling angle variability

Vector coding variability

Movement variability

Coordination pattern

Bańkosz and Winiarski [67]

Table tennis topspin forehand

Kinematics and outcome

Intra-individual variability

Variability

Functional changeability

Equifinality

Random variability

Movement variability

Functional variability

Inter-individual variability

Motor variability

Movement functionality

Specific variability

Coordination patterns

Barris et al. [7]

Springboard diving

Kinematics and outcome

Functional movement adaptability

Degeneracy

Adaptive movement variability

Movement pattern variability

Functional variability

Performance variability

Functional movement variability

Functional adaptive movement variability

Emergent movement form

Bobrownicki et al. [68]

Dart throwing

Kinematics and outcome

Joint variability

Movement variability

Chang et al. [69]

Multiple tasks

Review

Joint angle coordination

Coordination variability

Variability

Movement variability

Chow et al. [70]

Kicking a soccer ball for goal

Kinematics and outcome

Movement variability

Inter-individual variability

Movement pattern variability

Macro variability

Movement cluster variability

Behavioural variability

Cognitive-motor strategies

Duarte and Reinkensmeyer [71]

Virtual golf club swing

Kinematics

Kinematic variability

Fargier et al. [72]

Squat vertical jump

Kinematics

Intra-limb variability

Inter-limb variability

Segmental coordination types

Floria et al. [73]

Countermovement vertical jump

Kinetics

Multiple-trial variability

Jumping variability

García-Pinillos et al. [74]

Continuous treadmill running

Kinematics

Step variability

Spatial and temporal step kinematic variability

Gait variability

Spatiotemporal variability

Gorman and Maloney [24]

Basketball shooting

Kinematics and outcome

Movement variability

Movement pattern

Grassi et al. [75]

Gymnastics flic-flac

Kinematics

Spatiotemporal consistency

Guignard et al. [76]

Swimming

Review

Adaptability

Stability

Flexibility

High-order parameters

Movement and coordination variability

Degeneracy

Isofunctionality

Coordination patterns

Inter-cyclic variability

Movement system variability

Coordination dynamics

Functional variability

Inter-cycle variability

Movement coordination

Performance variability

Within-cycle variability

Between-cycle variability

Inter-individual variability

Behavioural variability

Inter-cyclic movement variability

Inter-arm spatial–temporal coordination

Inter-arm coordination

Coordination strategies

Hamill et al. [14]

Multiple tasks

Review

Coordinative variability

End-point variability

Dynamical variability

Measurement noise

Goal variability

Harrison et al. [77]

Vertical jump

Kinematics

Coordination

Inter-joint coordination patterns

Coordination variability

Haudum et al. [78]

Continuous treadmill running

Kinematics

Joint coordination variability

Functional variability

Intervention-induced variability

Joint coupling variability

Movement variability

Within movement variability

Acute variability

Intralimb inter-joint coupling variability

Hiley et al. [79]

Gymnastics giant swing

Kinematics

Functional variability

Kinematic variability

Movement variability

Timing variability

Angle variability

Hodges and Franks [80]

N/A

Review

Movement variability

Coordination pattern

Intra-individual variability

Within-trial variability

Between-trial variability

Response variability

Within-trial performance variability

Irwin et al. [81]

Gymnastics long swings

Kinematics

Movement coordination pattern

Coordination variability

End-point variability

Inter-participant variability

Movement variability

Komar et al. [82]

Swimming

Kinematics

Inter-limb coordination

Neurobiological degeneracy

Pluripotentiality

Functional coordination

Movement variability

Movement pattern variability

Functional variability

Coordination variability

Komar et al. [12]

N/A

Review

Dexterity

Variability

Intra-trial variability

Inter-trial variability

Inter-subject variability

Adaptability

Inter-individual variability

Langdown et al. [83]

Golf

Review

Strategic movement variability

Movement variability

Functional movement variability

Detrimental movement variability

Inter-subject variability

Coordination patterns

Intra-subject variability

Malhotra et al. [84]

Golf swing

Kinematics and outcome

Movement variability

Marquardt [85]

Golf putt

Kinematics, kinetics, and outcome

Movement automation

Maurer et al. [86]

Goal-oriented throwing task

Kinematics and outcome

Timing/temporal variability

Intrinsic variability

Release variability

Middleton et al. [87]

Cricket bowling

Kinematics

Inter-trial variability

Movement variability

Mohammadi et al. [88]

45° side-step cutting

Kinematics and kinetics

Degeneracy

Functional variability

Coordinative variability

Limited variability

Structured variability

Intrinsic variability

Externally imposed variability

Flexibility

Adaptive movements

Practice variability

Execution variability

Task goal variability

Movement pattern

Movement solutions

Movement coordination repertoire

Orth et al. [89]

Boxing

Kinematics, kinetics, and categorical data

Motor skill

Coordination solution changes

Control solution changes

Task success

Functionality

Fluency

Flexibility

Persistency

Originality

Creativity

Exploratory efficiency

Coordination switching ratio

Control switching ratio

Movement variability

Exploration movement variability

Functional movement variability

Reeve et al. [90]

Landing

Kinematics

Kinematic variability

Intrinsic variability

Discrete phase variability

Santos et al. [91]

Small-sided games of Soccer with mixed balls

Outcome

Creative movement behaviours

Fluency

Versatility

Inter-team coordination patterns

Movement adaptability

Task variability

Movement exploration

Movement pattern

Movement (re)organisation

Sayers [92]

Lawn bowling draw and drive shots

Kinematics and kinetics

Movement strategies

Functional movement variability

Movement variability

Intra-individual variability

Positional variability

Schaefer et al. [93]

Cricket bowling

Kinematics and kinetics

Movement variability

Coordination variability

Technique variability

Seifert et al. [94]

Ice climbing

Kinematics and categorical data

Movement variability

Degeneracy

Multi-stability

Meta-stability

Inter-limb coordination

In-phase mode of coordination

Anti-phase mode of coordination

Intermediate phase mode of coordination

Attunement

Functional intra-individual movement variability

Inter-limb coordination patterns

Movement pattern variability

Adaptive movement pattern variability

Slobounov et al. [95]

Springboard diving

Kinematics

Movement strategies

Behavioural flexibility

Movement variability

Movement patterns

Outcome variability

Cognitive behavioural strategies

Strongman and Morrison [96]

Review on injury and gait (including running)

Kinematics and electromyography

Stability

Rigidity

Gait variability

Movement variability

Joint variability

Muscle activation variability

Movement patterns

Gait patterns

Tanaka and Sekiya [97]

Golf putting

Kinematics, electromyography, and psychological scales

Inter-trial variability

Movement variability

Torres [98]

Martial arts jab

Kinematics

Motor variability

Movement variability

Movement trajectory variability

Variability patterns

Micro-movements’ variability

Trounson et al. [99]

Shuttle runs with wearable resistance

Kinematics

Multi-stability

Compensation pattern

Movement clusters

Angle–angle variability

Between-run variability

Adaptation strategy

Attractor state stability

Behavioural meta-stability

Coordination patterns

Adaptability

Coordinative structure

Movement variability

Movement system degeneracy

Task variability

Movement strategies

Joint kinematic variability

Kinematic variability

Movement options

Joint angle variability

Between-trial variability

Functional movement adaptability

Movement pattern flexibility

Movement states

van Ginneken et al. [100]

Goal-oriented throwing task

Kinematics

Trial-to-trial movement variability

Movement variability

Trial-to-trial variability

Wang et al. [101]

Running and sprinting

Kinematics

Trial-to-trial variability

Stride length variability

Continuous relative phase (CRP) variability

Movement variability

Cadence variability

Intralimb coordination variability

Inter-limb coordination variability

Angle variability

Single joint variability

Running variability

Flexibility patterns

Movement patterns

Wilson et al. [102]

Triple jump

Kinematics and kinetics

Coordination variability

Between-trial and within-participant coordination variability

Functional variability

Movement variability

Wren et al. [103]

Drop jump, heel touch, and single-leg hops

Kinematics and kinetics

Trial-to-trial variability

Trial-to-trial intra-individual variability

Within-subject variability

Median variability

Movement patterns

Chaotic pattern

Movement variability

Kinetic variability

Kinematic variability

Yang and Scholz [104]

Goal-oriented throwing task

Kinematics and outcome

Performance variable variability

Movement direction variability

Inter-joint coordination

Joint configuration variance

Spatial variability

Coordination patterns