Stroke Kinematics, Temporal Patterns, Neuromuscular Activity, Pacing and Kinetics in Elite Breaststroke Swimming: A Systematic Review

Sports Medicine - Open

Table 9 Comparison of stroke phase models utilised within the breaststroke biomechanics literature

Study	Publication year	Pull phases					Kick phases
Chollet et al. [32]	2004	Arm glide	Arm propulsion	Elbow push	Recovery one	Recovery two	Leg propulsion	Leg insweep	Leg glide	Recovery one	Recovery two
Conceição et al. [40]	2019		First propulsive action of arms	Second propulsive actions of arms			First propulsive action of legs	Second propulsive action of legs		Recovery
Leblanc et al. [29]	2005	Arm glide	Arm outsweep	Arm insweep	Recovery one	Recovery two	Leg propulsion	Leg insweep	Leg glide	Recovery one	Recovery two
Leblanc et al. [3]	2007		Arm propulsion		Arm and leg recovery phase		Leg propulsion			Leg-arm lag phase
Louro et al. [34]	2016		First propulsive action of arms	Second propulsive actions of arms			First propulsive action of legs	Second propulsive action of legs		Recovery
Nicol et al. [33]	2021		Propulsive pull		Recovery pull		Propulsive kick			Recovery kick
Oxford et al. [14]	2017		Arm pull		Arm recovery		Leg kick			Leg recovery
Seifert and Chollet [18]	2005	Arm glide	Arm propulsion	Elbow push	Recovery one	Recovery two	Leg propulsion	Leg insweep	Leg glide	Recovery one	Recovery two
Seifert and Chollet [36]	2009	Glide	Outsweep	Insweep	Recovery one	Recovery two	Propulsion	Insweep	Glide	Recovery one	Recovery two
Seifert et al. [37]	2014	Glide	Outsweep	Insweep	Recovery one	Recovery two	Propulsion	Insweep	Glide	Recovery one	Recovery two
Staniak et al. [28]	2016		Upper limb propulsion		Motion deceleration		Lower limb propulsion		Gliding
Takagi et al. [2]	2004	Glide	Outsweep	Insweep	Recovery	Sweep	Lift and glide	Recovery