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Table 7 Outline of studies with unique methodology

From: Stroke Kinematics, Temporal Patterns, Neuromuscular Activity, Pacing and Kinetics in Elite Breaststroke Swimming: A Systematic Review

Study

Publication year

Themes

Number of participants

Speed of swimming

Methodology used

Methodology details

Parameters measured

Barbosa et al. [31]

2008

Kinematics

Energy Cost

3 international-level male swimmers

2 international-level female swimmers

Submaximal

Pacing lights

 

Stroke rate

Stroke length

Velocity

VO2

La+

Energy cost

Energy expenditure

Chollet et al. [32]

2004

Temporal analysis

Race distance comparison

9 male expert swimmers

7 female expert swimmers

Race pace simulation

Linear position transducer & videography

3 cameras used for 2D videography analysis

Stroke rate

Stroke length

Velocity

Stroke phases

Leblanc et al. [29]

2005

Temporal analysis

Race distance comparison

Experience-level comparison

11 national- and international-level male swimmers

9 national- and international-level female swimmers

11 regional-level male swimmers

9 regional-level female swimmers

Race pace simulation

Linear position transducer & videography

3 cameras used for 2D videography analysis

Stroke rate

Stroke length

Velocity

Stroke phases

Leblanc et al. [3]

2007

Temporal analysis

Kinematics

Experience-level comparison

9 national-level male swimmers

9 regional-level male swimmers

Race pace simulation

Linear position transducer & videography

3 cameras used for 2D videography analysis

Stroke rate

Stroke length

Velocity

Intracyclic velocity variation

Acceleration-deceleration time ratio

Stroke phases

Morouço et al. [45]

2011

Force

Velocity

8 international-level female swimmers

Race pace simulation

Force gauge

Load cell attached to a steel cable and affixed to a belt worn around participants’ waist

Velocity

Force

Height

Weight

Hydrostatic mass

Surface area

Psycharakis et al. [22]

2008

Kinematics

Fatigue

Physiology

2 international-level male swimmers

2 international-level female swimmers

Submaximal

Hand timing

 

Stroke rate

Stroke length

Velocity

La+

Staniak et al. [28]

2016

Accelerometry

Temporal analysis

5 elite male swimmers

Submaximal

Accelerometry

1 accelerometer positioned on dorsally on the pelvic girdle

Acceleration

Angular velocity

Stroke phases

Thompson et al. [17]

2004

Kinematics

Physiology

Pacing

9 national-level male swimmers

Time trial

Aquapacerâ„¢

 

Stroke rate

Stroke count

VO2

La+

Heart rate

Rate of perceived exertion

Height

Weight

Skinfolds

Hydrostatic mass

Thompson et al. [42]

2003

Kinematics

Physiology

Pacing

9 national-level male swimmers

Time trial

Aquapacerâ„¢

 

Stroke rate

Stroke count

VO2

La+

Heart rate

Rate of perceived exertion

Height

Weight

Skinfolds

Tsunokawa et al. [46]

2015

Fluid force

Velocity

8 national-level male swimmers

Race pace simulation

Pressure sensors

8 sensors positioned on the foot

Force

Fluid force

Impulse