Study | Publication year | Themes | Number of participants | Speed of swimming | Methodology used | Methodology details | Parameters measured |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barbosa et al. [31] | 2008 | Kinematics Energy Cost | 3 international-level male swimmers 2 international-level female swimmers | Submaximal | Pacing lights | Â | Stroke rate Stroke length Velocity VO2 La+ Energy cost Energy expenditure |
Chollet et al. [32] | 2004 | Temporal analysis Race distance comparison | 9 male expert swimmers 7 female expert swimmers | Race pace simulation | Linear position transducer & videography | 3 cameras used for 2D videography analysis | Stroke rate Stroke length Velocity Stroke phases |
Leblanc et al. [29] | 2005 | Temporal analysis Race distance comparison Experience-level comparison | 11 national- and international-level male swimmers 9 national- and international-level female swimmers 11 regional-level male swimmers 9 regional-level female swimmers | Race pace simulation | Linear position transducer & videography | 3 cameras used for 2D videography analysis | Stroke rate Stroke length Velocity Stroke phases |
Leblanc et al. [3] | 2007 | Temporal analysis Kinematics Experience-level comparison | 9 national-level male swimmers 9 regional-level male swimmers | Race pace simulation | Linear position transducer & videography | 3 cameras used for 2D videography analysis | Stroke rate Stroke length Velocity Intracyclic velocity variation Acceleration-deceleration time ratio Stroke phases |
Morouço et al. [45] | 2011 | Force Velocity | 8 international-level female swimmers | Race pace simulation | Force gauge | Load cell attached to a steel cable and affixed to a belt worn around participants’ waist | Velocity Force Height Weight Hydrostatic mass Surface area |
Psycharakis et al. [22] | 2008 | Kinematics Fatigue Physiology | 2 international-level male swimmers 2 international-level female swimmers | Submaximal | Hand timing | Â | Stroke rate Stroke length Velocity La+ |
Staniak et al. [28] | 2016 | Accelerometry Temporal analysis | 5 elite male swimmers | Submaximal | Accelerometry | 1 accelerometer positioned on dorsally on the pelvic girdle | Acceleration Angular velocity Stroke phases |
Thompson et al. [17] | 2004 | Kinematics Physiology Pacing | 9 national-level male swimmers | Time trial | Aquapacerâ„¢ | Â | Stroke rate Stroke count VO2 La+ Heart rate Rate of perceived exertion Height Weight Skinfolds Hydrostatic mass |
Thompson et al. [42] | 2003 | Kinematics Physiology Pacing | 9 national-level male swimmers | Time trial | Aquapacerâ„¢ | Â | Stroke rate Stroke count VO2 La+ Heart rate Rate of perceived exertion Height Weight Skinfolds |
Tsunokawa et al. [46] | 2015 | Fluid force Velocity | 8 national-level male swimmers | Race pace simulation | Pressure sensors | 8 sensors positioned on the foot | Force Fluid force Impulse |