Table 6 Outline of retrospective race data studies
Study | Publication year | Themes | Number of races analysed | Level and date range of competition | Parameters measured |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Garland Fritzdorf et al. [30] | 2009 | Effective work per stroke Individual race comparison | 14 male 100Â m breaststroke races. 7 races of various world ranked swimmers and 7 races of a single world ranked swimmer | NA | Total race time Split time Effective work per stroke |
Nicol et al. [33] | 2021 | Temporal analysis Race distance comparison Sex comparison | 20 male 100Â m national-level races 15 male 200Â m national-level races 24 female 100Â m national-level races 27 female 200Â m national-level races | National and international-level competitions over a 3Â year period | Stroke phase time Total race time |
Robertson et al. [44] | 2009 | Pacing Stroke comparison Experience-level comparison | 1530 male races a,b 1527 female races a,b | 9 international-level competitions over a 7Â year period | Total race time Split time Race position |
Skorski et al. [41] | 2014 | Pacing Individual race comparison | 362 male races from 158 male athletes a 70 male 200Â m breaststroke races | 22 national and international-level competitions over a 1Â year period | Total race time Split time Average velocity |
Wolfrum et al. [19] | 2013 | Sex comparison Experience-level comparison Age group comparison Race speed | 14,166 Swiss female races a,b 14,798 Swiss male races a,b 240 international-level female races a,b 240 international-level male races a,b | Swiss athletes: national-level competition over a 4Â year period International athletes: NA | Average swimming speed |
Wolfrum et al. [20] | 2014 | Sex comparison Race speed | NA | Swiss athletes: best performances of the top 10 Swiss male and female athletes over a 17Â year period International athletes: 8 international-level competitions over a 17Â year period | Average swimming speed |