Fig. 1

Graphical panorama of different “live low-train high” methods (modified from Girard et al. [2]). Please note that in the current literature the term “intermittent hypoxic–hyperoxic training” (IHHT) is commonly used for both passive and active applications. To avoid terminological ambiguity with respect to the term intermittent hypoxic–hyperoxic periods, we recommend to use the term "intermittent hypoxic–hyperoxic training" for active and “intermittent hypoxic–hyperoxic exposure” for passive applications