Study | Sample size | Training status | Acclimatisation status | Sex | Apparel | Thermal | Physiological | Perception | PRFM |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abdallah et al. [17] | 20 | Trained | Not specified | Males and females | Long sleeve shirt and full-length pants CTR (synthetic blend) EXP (synthetic blend) | ↔ Tcore ↔ Tskin ↔ SR ↔ SL ↔ SE ↔ HS | ↔ HR ↔ VO2 ↔ VT | ↔ Thermal sensation ↔ Skin wettedness ↔ Clothing comfort ↔ RPE | ↔ TTE |
Barwood et al. [42] | 8 | Recreationally active | Not specified | Males | Lower-body garment CTR (shorts) EXP1 (correct fit) EXP2 (oversized) | ↔ Tcore ↔ Tskin ↔ Tbody ↔ SL | ↔ HR | ↔ Thermal sensation ↔ Thermal comfort↔ RPE | ↔ TT (5 km) |
Brazaitis et al. [27] | 8 | Recreationally active | Not specified | Males | Long sleeve t-shirt, CTR (natural fibre) EXP (synthetic fibre) | ↔ Tcore ↔ Tskin ↔ Tbody ↔ SL ↔ PSI ↑SE | ↔ HR | ↔ Thermal sensation ↔ clothing wetness | – |
Collins et al. [55] | 11 | Recreationally active | Not specified | Females | Short sleeve t-shirts and sleeveless shirts CTR (synthetic and natural fibres) EXP (synthetic fibre) | ↔ Tskin ↔ SR | ↔ HR | ↑Breathability ↔ Clinginess ↔ Freshness ↔ Weight ↓Dampness ↔ Smoothness ↑Softness ↔ Comfort ↔ RPE | – |
Corbett et al. [19] | 6 | Trained | Not specified | Males | Clothing ensembles CTR (shorts, synthetic fibre) EXP1 (shorts and short sleeve jersey, synthetic blend) EXP2 (shorts and short sleeve jersey, synthetic blend) EXP3 (long sleeve base layer, cycling jacket, full length pants and skull cap, synthetic blend) | ↔ Tcore ↑Tskin ↑Tbody ↑SL ↑SR | ↑HR ↔ VO2 ↔ SBF | ↑Thermal sensation ↓Thermal comfort ↑RPE | ↔ TT (10 km) |
Davis et al. [20] | 8 | Trained | Not specified | Males | Short sleeve t-shirt CTR (natural fibre) EXP1 (synthetic fibre) EXP2 (natural fibre blend) | ↔ Tcore ↔ Tskin ↔ Tbody ↓Tmicro ↔ SL ↔ PSI | ↔ HR | ↔ Thermal sensation ↔ Skin wetness ↔ Clothing comfort ↔ RPE | - |
De Sousa et al. [14] | 10 | Recreationally active | Not specified | Males | Short sleeve t-shirt CTR (natural fibre) EXP (synthetic fibre) | ↓Tcore ↔ Tskin ↔ SL ↔ SR | ↔ HR | ↔ Thermal sensation ↔ Sweating sensation ↔ RPE | – |
Filingeri et al. [60] | 9 | Recreationally active | Not specified | Males | Short sleeve t-shirt CTR (synthetic fibre) EXP1 (shirt dampened and worn during last 15 min of trial) EXP2 (shirt dampened and worn for 20 min pre-exercise and then during exercise) | ↔ Tcore ↓Tskin ↓SL | ↓HR | ↓Thermal sensation ↑Thermal comfort ↓Wetness sensation ↓RPE | – |
Gavin et al. [28] | 8 | Trained | Acclimated | Males | Clothing ensembles CTR (short sleeve t-shirt and shorts, natural fibre) EXP1 (racing swimsuit, synthetic fibre) EXP2 (short sleeve t-shirt and shorts, synthetic fibre) | ↔ Tcore ↔ Tskin ↔ Tbody ↔ SL ↔ SE | ↔ HR ↔ VO2 ↔ VT | ↔ Thermal sensation ↔ Thermal comfort | – |
Gonzales et al. [49] | 10 | Trained | Not acclimated | Males | Short sleeve jersey CTR (synthetic fibre, small knit) EXP1 (synthetic fibre, medium knit) EXP2 (synthetic fibre, large knit) | ↓Tskin | ↔ HR | ↓Thermal sensation ↔ RPE | – |
Ha et al. [43] | 8 | Recreationally active | Not specified | Females | Long sleeve shirt and full-length pants CTR (synthetic fibre, low absorption, low air permeability) EXP1 (synthetic fibre, low absorption, high air permeability) EXP2 (natural fibre, high absorption, high air permeability) | ↔ Tcore ↑Tskin ↑Tbody ↔ SR ↔ SL ↑HS ↑Tmicro ↓RHmicro | ↔ HR | ↔ Thermal sensation ↔ Clothing comfort ↔ Sweating sensation ↔ Humidity sensation ↔ Skin wetness | – |
Ha et al. [36] | 5 | Recreationally active | Not specified | Females | Short sleeve t-shirt, long—sleeved working dress and full-length pants CTR (natural fibre) EXP (synthetic fibre) | ↑Tcore ↔ Tskin ↑Tbody ↔ SR ↔ SL ↔ HS ↔ Tmicro ↔ RHmicro | ↑HR | ↔ Thermal sensation ↔ Clothing comfort ↔ Humidity sensation | – |
Herten et al. [51] | 11 | Trained | Not specified | Males | Shirt CTR (natural fibre) EXP (synthetic blend) | ↔ Tcore ↑SL ↔ Tmicro ↔ RHmicro | ↔ HR | ↔ Thermal comfort ↔ Heat sensation ↔ Wetness sensation ↔ Weight | – |
Kaplan et al. [21] | 5 | Trained | Not specified | Males | Long sleeve t-shirt CTR (natural fibre) EXP1 (synthetic fibre) EXP2 (synthetic fibre) EXP3 (synthetic/natural blend) EXP4 (modified synthetic fibre) | ↔ Tskin ↔ Tmicro ↓RHmicro | ↔ HR | ↓Thermal comfort ↓Skin wetness | – |
Kwon et al. [30] | 7 | Recreationally active | Not specified | Females | Long sleeve t-shirt and full-length pants CTR (natural fibre) EXP1 (natural blend) EXP2 (synthetic fibre) | ↓Tcore ↑Tskin ↑Tbody ↑SL ↔ HS ↓Tmicro ↑RHmicro | ↑HR | ↔ Thermal sensation ↔ Clothing comfort ↔ Sweating sensation ↔ Skin wetness ↔ Humidity sensation | – |
Laing et al. [16] | 10 | Trained | Acclimated | Males | Long sleeve upper body garment CTR (synthetic fibre) EXP1 (synthetic/natural blend) EXP2 (natural fibre) | ↓Tcore ↔ Tskin ↔ SL ↑RHmicro | ↔ HR | ↔ Thermal sensation ↔ Thermal comfort ↔ Wetness sensation ↔ RPE | – |
Leoz-Abaurrea et al. [33] | 16 | Recreationally active | Not specified | Males and females | Short sleeve upper body garment CTR (natural fibre) EXP (synthetic blend) | ↔ Tcore ↔ Tskin ↔ Tbody ↔ SR ↔ HS | ↔ HR ↔ VO2 | ↔ Thermal sensation ↔ Clothing wetness ↔ RPE | - |
Leoz-Abaurrea et al. [32] | 12 | Recreationally active | Not acclimated | Males | Short sleeve upper body garment CTR (natural fibre) EXP (synthetic blend) | ↔ Tcore ↔ Tskin ↔ Tbody ↔ SR ↔ SL | ↔ HR ↔ VO2 | ↔ Thermal sensation ↔ Sweating sensation ↑Clothing wetness ↔ RPE | – |
Leoz-Abaurrea et al. [34] | 20 | Recreationally active | Not specified | Males and females | Short sleeve upper body garment CTR (natural fibre) EXP (synthetic blend) | ↑Tcore ↔ SR ↔ SL | ↑HR ↔ VO2 ↔ AP | ↑Thermal sensation ↔ Sweating sensation ↔ Clothing wetness ↔ RPE | – |
Lin et al. [63] | 10 | Recreationally active | Not specified | Females | Sports Bra CTR (synthetic and natural blend) EXP (synthetic and natural blend) | ↔ Tcore ↓Tskin ↔ SL | ↔ HR | ↔ Wetness ↔ Coldness ↔ Breathability ↔ Itchiness ↔ Softness ↔ Comfort | – |
MacRae et al. [46] | 12 | Recreationally active | Not specified | Males | Full body garment CTR (shorts) EXP1 (synthetic blend—oversized) EXP2 (synthetic blend—correct fit) | ↔ Tcore ↑Tskin ↔ SR | ↔ HR ↔ Q | ↑Thermal sensation ↓Thermal comfort ↔ Skin wetness ↔ RPE | ↔ TT /MPO (6 km) |
McFarlin et al. [22] | 14 | Trained | Not specified | Males and females | t-shirt CTR (synthetic fibre) EXP (Modified synthetic fibre) | ↓Tskin | – | ↑Thermal comfort ↓RPE | ↑TTE |
Raccuglia et al. [56] | 8 | Recreationally active | Not specified | Males | Short sleeve t-shirt CTR (synthetic fibre—high contact) EXP1 (synthetic fibre—medium contact) EXP2 (synthetic fibre—low contact) | ↔ Tcore↔ SL | ↔ HR | ↔ Thermal sensation ↓Comfort ↔ Skin wetness ↑Stickiness | – |
Roberts et al. [26] | 7 | Recreationally active | Not specified | Males | t-shirt CTR (bare chested) EXP1 (synthetic fibre) EXP2 (synthetic blend) EXP3 (natural fibre) | ↑Tcore ↑Tskin ↑SE | – | ↑Thermal sensation ↓Thermal comfort ↔ RPE | – |
Scholler et al. [18] | 10 | Trained | Not specified | Males | Full body racing suits EXP1 (synthetic blend, knit) EXP2 (synthetic blend, woven) EXP3-4 (synthetic blend, knit) EXP5-6 (synthetic blend, woven) | ↔ Tcore ↔ Tskin | ↔ HR | ↑Thermal sensation (EXP1 vs EXP5) ↔ RPE | ↔ PO (20 min at RPE 4/10) |
Sperlich et al. [29] | 8 | Trained | Not specified | Males | t-shirt CTR (natural fibre) EXP1 (synthetic fibre, 4 channel) EXP2 (synthetic fibre, 6 channel) EXP3 (synthetic fibre, 8 channel) | ↔ Tcore ↔ Tskin ↔ Tbody ↔ SL ↓RHmicro | ↔ HR ↔ VO2 ↔ VT ↔ BL | ↔ Thermal sensation ↔ Sweating sensation ↔ Clothing wetness ↔ RPE | ↔ TTE |
Tsuji et al. [61] | 10 | Recreationally active | Not specified | Males | Long sleeve t-shirt and shirts CTR (shorts—synthetic fibre) EXP (long sleeve t-shirt—synthetic blend, shorts—synthetic fibre) | ↔ Tcore ↓Tskin ↓Tbody ↑SL ↔ HS | ↑HR ↔ SBF | ↑Thermal sensation ↑RPE | – |
Ueda et al. [15] | 3 | Recreationally active | Not specified | Males | Long sleeve t-shirts CTR (natural fibre, plain knit) EXP1 (natural fibre, stockinet) EXP2 (natural fibre, plain knit) EXP3 (natural fibre, jacquard knit) EXP4 (natural fibre, mesh knit) | ↔ Tcore ↔ Tskin ↔ SR ↔ Tmicro ↔ RHmicro | - | ↑Comfort | – |
Varadaraju et al. [50] | 10 | Recreationally active | Not specified | Males | Short sleeve t-shirt (synthetic fibre) CTR (tricot knit) EXP1-3 (open knit, modified) | ↓Tskin ↓RHmicro | ↓HR | ↑Comfort ↓Skin temperature ↓Skin moisture | – |
Wang et al. [77] | 8 | Recreationally active | Not specified | Males | Upper body garment CTR (natural fibre) EXP1 (body mapping sportswear) EXP2 (EXP1 modified) | ↓Tcore ↓Tskin ↓Tbody ↔ SL ↔ SE | ↓HR ↔ VO2 | ↓Thermal sensation ↓Skin humidity ↑Comfort sensation ↔ RPE | – |
Wingo et al. [81] | 9 | Recreationally active | Not specified | Males | Long sleeve t-shirt CTR (bare chested) EXP1 (synthetic fibre) EXP2 (natural fibre) | ↔ Tcore ↑Tskin ↑SR ↔ SL | ↔ HR | ↑Thermal sensation ↔ RPE | – |
Zhang et al. [45] | 8 | Recreationally active | Not specified | Males | 9 Short sleeve t-shirts (natural fibres, differed in neck and hem opening size) | ↔ Tcore ↔ Tskin ↔ Tmicro ↔ RHmicro ↔ SL ↔ HS ↔ SE | ↔ HR | ↔ Thermal sensation ↑Thermal comfort (loose fit vs tight fit) ↔ Skin wetness | – |