Table 1 Summary of material properties from sports apparel designed to enhance thermoregulation, performance, and comfort
Study | Apparel | Fabric Composition | Structure | Fit | Insulation (clo) | Mass (g.m−2) | Air permeability (mm/s) | Water vapour permeability (g.m−2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abdallah et al. [17] | Long sleeve shirt and pants | CTR (80% nylon, 20% spandex) EXP (78% nylon, 22% spandex) | CTR: warp EXP: warp | Form fitting | – | CTR: 195 EXP: 160 | – | – |
Barwood et al. [42 | Lower-body compression garment | – | – | Form fitting | – | – | – | – |
Brazaitis et al. [27] | Long sleeve t-shirt | CTR (94% cotton, 6% elastane) EXP (93% polyester, 7% elastane) | – | – | – | CTR: 186 EXP: 183 | CTR: 327.1 EXP: 528.1 | CTR: 6134.2 EXP: 5793.8 |
Collins et al. [55] | Short sleeve and sleeveless t-shirts | CTR (85–100% polyester and 90–100% cotton) EXP (100% polyester) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Corbett et al. [19] | Combination of shorts, short sleeve jerseys, long sleeve jerseys, cycling jacket and skull cap | CTR (shorts, 74% nylon, 26% elastane) EXP1 (shorts, 78% nylon, 22% elastane; short sleeve jersey, 100% polyester) EXP2 (shorts, 75% polyamide, 22% elastane, 3% carbon fibre; short sleeve jersey, 54% polyamide, 36% polyester, 7% elastane, 3% lyocell) EXP3 (long sleeve base layer, 84% polyester, 16% elastane; full length pants, 100% nylon; cycling jacket, 100% nylon; skull cap (100% polyester) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Davis et al. [20] | Short sleeve t-shirt | CTR (100% cotton) EXP1 (100% polyester) EXP2 (50% soy-bean, 50% cotton) | CTR: knit EXP1: knit EXP2: knit | - | - | CTR: 143 EXP1: 130 EXP2: 215 | - | - |
De Sousa et al. [14] | Short sleeve t-shirt | CTR (100% cotton) EXP (81% polyester, 19% elastane) | – | Form fitting | – | – | – | – |
Filingeri et al. [60] | Short sleeve t-shirt | CTR (dry) EXP (wetted) | – | Form fitting | CTR: 0.20 EXP: 0.26 | CTR: 101 EXP: 154 | – | – |
Gavin et al. [28] | Short sleeve t-shirt and shorts | CTR (cotton) EXP1 (synthetic material) EXP2 (lycra) | – | Form fitting | CTR: 0.28 EXP1: 0.27 EXP2: 0.09 | – | – | – |
Gonzales et al. [49] | Short sleeve jersey | (100% polyester) CTR (2 mm knit size) EXP1 (3 mm knit size) EXP2 (3.5 mm knit size) | CTR: knit EXP1: knit EXP2: knit | – | – | CTR: 171 EXP1: 160 EXP2: 120 | – | – |
Ha et al. [43] | Long sleeve shirt and full-length pants | CTR (100% polyester, low absorption, low air permeability) EXP1 (100% polyester, low absorption, high air permeability) EXP2 (100% cotton, high absorption, high air permeability) | – | – | CTR: 0.65 EXP1: 0.73 EXP2: 0.73 | CTR: 174.6 EXP1: 169.1 EXP2: 189.4 | CTR: 40.1 EXP1: 1200 EXP2: 1080 | – |
Ha et al. [36] | Short sleeve t-shirt, long-sleeved working dress and full-length pants | CTR (100% cotton) EXP (100% polyester) | – | – | CTR: 1.24 EXP: 1.25 | CTR: 275.3 EXP: 290.8 | – | – |
Herten et al. [51] | Shirt | CTR (100% polyester) EXP (67% polyester, 33% lyocell) | – | Form fitting | – | CTR: 153.2 EXP: 160.8 | CTR: 925.2 EXP: 1212.6 | – |
Kaplan et al. [21] | Long sleeve t-shirt | CTR (100% cotton) EXP1 (100% polyester) EXP2 (100% polyester) EXP3 (70% cotton, 30% polyester) EXP4 (95% modified polyester, 5% elastane) | CTR: woven EXP1: interlock EXP2: interlock EXP3: interlock EXP4: woven | – | – | CTR: 166.5 EXP1: 189.3 EXP2: 183.6 EXP3: 459.9 EXP4: 242.9 | CTR: 468 EXP1: 1854 EXP2: 1317 EXP3: 399 EXP4: 210 | – |
Kwon et al. [30] | Long sleeve t-shirt and full-length pants | CTR (100% cotton) EXP1 (50% cotton, 50% wool) EXP2 (100% polyester) | – | – | – | CTR: 125.2 EXP1: 120.8 EXP2: 127.2 | – | – |
Laing et al. [16] | Long sleeve upper body garment | CTR (100% polyester) EXP1 (52% wool, 48% polyester) EXP2 (100% wool) | CTR: interlock EXP1: plated EXP2: woven | – | – | CTR: 229.7 EXP1: 206.6 EXP2: 197.2 | – | – |
Leoz-Abaurrea et al. [33] | Short sleeve compression garment and t-shirt | CTR (100% cotton) EXP (94% nylon, 4% elastane, 2% polypropylene) | – | Form fitting | – | – | – | – |
Leoz-Abaurrea et al. [32] | Short sleeve compression garment and t-shirt | CTR (100% cotton) EXP (94% nylon, 4% elastane, 2% polypropylene) | – | Form fitting | – | – | – | – |
Leoz-Abaurrea et al. [34] | Short sleeve compression garment and t-shirt | CTR (100% cotton) EXP (94% nylon, 4% elastane, 2% polypropylene) | – | Form fitting | – | – | – | – |
Lin et al. [63] | Sports bra | (35% polyester, 8% lycra, 50% cotton) CTR (single layer) EXP (dynamic water pumping fabrics) | CTR: woven EXP: woven tuck stitch | – | CTR: 0.18 EXP: 0.18 | CTR: 287 EXP: 323 | – | CTR: 972.8 EXP: 1051.8 |
MacRae et al. [46] | Full body compression garment and shorts | (76% nylon, 24% elastane) CTR (shorts) EXP1 (correct size) EXP2 (oversized) | EXP1: knit EXP2: knit | Form fitting | – | EXP1: 195 EXP2: 195 | EXP1: 810 EXP2: 810 | – |
McFarlin et al. [22] | T-shirt | CTR (polyester blend) EXP (polyester + 30% PCM) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Raccuglia et al. [56] | Short sleeve t-shirt | (100% polyester) CTR (92.7% sample contact) EXP1 (87.5% sample contact) EXP2 (66.3% sample contact) | – | Loose fitting | – | CTR: 85 EXP1: 85 EXP2: 80 | – | – |
Roberts et al. [26] | T-shirt | CTR (bare chested) EXP1 (85% polyester, 15% elastane) EXP2 (65% nylon, 21% polyester, 14% lycra) EXP3 (100% cotton) | CTR: mesh EXP1: mesh EXP2: mesh | – | – | – | – | – |
Scholler et al. [18] | 6 synthetic full body racing suits | EXP1 (59% polyester, 25% polyamide, 16% elastane) EXP2 (82% polyester, 18% elastane) EXP3 (59% polyamide, 26% polyester, 15% elastane) EXP4 (58% polyamide, 26% polyester, 16% elastane) EXP5 (81% polyester, 19% elastane) EXP6 (80% polyester, 20% elastane) | EXP1: knit EXP2: woven EXP3: knit EXP4: knit EXP5: woven EXP6: woven | – | – | EXP1: 88 EXP2:112 EXP3:136 EXP4:132 EXP5:136 EXP6:140 | – | – |
Sperlich et al. [29] | t-shirt | CTR (100% cotton) EXP1 (91% polyester, 9% spandex, 4 channel fibres) EXP2 (100% polyester, 6 channel fibres) EXP3 (90% polyester, 10% spandex, 8 channel fibres) | – | Form fitting | – | CTR: 185 EXP1: 130 EXP2: 125 EXP3: 148 | – | – |
Tsuji et al. [61] | Long sleeve t-shirt and shorts | CTR (shorts, 100% polyester) EXP (long sleeve shirt, 55% polyester, 45% cotton; shorts, 100% polyester) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Ueda et al. [15] | Long sleeve t-shirts | (100% cotton) | CTR: knit EXP1: stockinet EXP2: knit EXP3: jacquard EXP4: mesh | – | – | CTR: 233 EXP1: 133 EXP2: 182 EXP3: 131 EXP4: 171 | – | – |
Varadaraju et al. [50] | Short sleeve t-shirt | CTR (polyester) EXP1 (polyester, mesh sides) EXP2 (polyester, mesh sides, and chest) EXP3 (polyester, mesh sides, chest, and back) | CTR: tricot warp knit EXP1: open warp knit EXP2: open warp knit EXP3: open warp knit | – | – | CTR: 125 EXP1: 120 EXP2: 110 EXP3: 115 | CTR: 1630 EXP1: 4000 EXP2: 4000 EXP3: 4000 | CTR: 1140 EXP1: 1481 EXP2: 1481 EXP3: 1481 |
Wang et al. [77] | Upper body garment | CTR (cotton) EXP1 (body mapping sportswear) EXP2 (body mapping sportswear with face and back mesh designs) | – | Form fitting | CTR: 0.19 EXP1: 0.18 EXP2: 0.16 | – | CTR: 387.7 EXP1: 723.5 EXP2: – | – |
Wingo et al. [81] | Long sleeve t-shirt | CTR (bare chested) EXP1 (synthetic) EXP2 (cotton) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Zhang et al. [45] | Short sleeve t-shirts | (100% polyester) Nine shirts differing in neck and hem opening size | Interlock | – | – | 152 | – | – |