Study | Population | Characteristics plyometric training programme | Selected Variables | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample size (N): Male (M)/Female(F) | Age (years) | Physical fitness | Muscle architecture | Tendon structure | Muscle and tendon stiffness | Lower body physical performance | ||||
Jump | Sprint | Strength | ||||||||
Blazevich et al. [49] | N = 23 (15M/8F) SQ = 8 (5M/3F) FHS = 7 (5M/2F) SJT = 8 (5M/3F) | 22.1 ± 1.9 | Competitive athletes such as rugby union, rugby league, soccer, or netball players | 9 weeks 4 days/week 36 sessions 60 min/session | VL Muscle thickness RF Muscle thickness VL Fascicle angle RF Fascicle angle VL Fascicle length RF Fascicle length | Force and displacement in CMJ | 20 m sprint time | Forward hack squat double leg | ||
Burgess et al. [37] | N = 13 (M) PT = 7 IT = 6 | 23 ± 6 | Not defined | 6 weeks 2–3 days/week 950 jumps approx | Medial gastrocnemius tendon stiffness | SJ height | Concentric rate of force development | |||
Coratella, et al. [50] | N = 48 (M) BMSJT = 16 WJST = 16 CG = 16 | 21 ± 3 | Recreational soccer players | 8 weeks 2 days/week 16 sessions 20–25 min/sessions BMSJT = 800 jumps WJST = 656 jumps | VL Muscle thickness VL Pennation angle VL Fascicle length | CMJ height SJ height | 30 m sprint time | Quadriceps concentric peak-torque | ||
Correa et al. [60] | N = 58 (F) EG = 41 After 6 weeks was further divided into 3 subgroups (TG = 14, PG = 13, RG = 14) CG = 17 | 67 ± 5 | Older women | 12 weeks (divided into two 6-week phases) 2 days/week 24 sessions | VL Muscle thickness VM Muscle thickness RF Muscle thickness | CMJ height | 1 RM-knee extension | |||
Fouré et al. [36] | N = 17 (M) PT = 9 CG = 8 | PT 18.8 ± 0.9 CG 18.9 ± 1.0 | Explosive sport practice (basketball, volleyball and handball) | 8 weeks 2 days/week 16 sessions 60 min/session 3200 jumps | Maximal stiffness of gastrocnemius Achilles tendon stiffness | SJ height | Maximal torque in plantar flexion | |||
Fouré, et al. [38] | N = 19 (M) PT = 9 CG = 10 | PT 18.8 ± 0.9 CG 18.9 ± 1.0 | Regular sport practice | 14 weeks 2–3 days/week 34 sessions 60 min/session 6800 jumps | Achilles tendon CSA | Tendon stiffness | CMJ height SJ height | MVC | ||
Fouré et al. [18] | N = 19 (M) PT = 9 CG = 10 | PT 18.8 ± 0.9 CG 18.9 ± 1.0 | Regular sport practice | 14 weeks 2–3 days/week 34 sessions 60 min/session 6800 jumps | CSA Triceps surae Pennation angle triceps surae (medial gastrocnemius. lateral gastrocnemius, soleus) Fascicle length triceps surae (medial gastrocnemius. lateral gastrocnemius, soleus) | Achilles tendon CSA | Passive part of the series elastic component stiffness (gastrocnemius tendon) | CMJ height SJ height | ||
Fouré et al. [59] | N = 19 (M) PT = 9 CG = 10 | PT 19.6 ± 1.8 CG 22.1 ± 3.7 | Regular sport practice | 14 weeks 2–3 days/week 34 sessions 60 min/session 6800 jumps | CSA of the gastrocnemius muscles | Achilles tendon CSA | Stiffness index of Achilles tendon Stiffness index of gastrocnemius muscles | Maximal passive force of gastrocnemius | ||
Franchi et al. [51] | N = 23 (M) YM = 14 OM = 9 | YM 25.4 ± 3.5 OM 69.7 ± 3.4 | Young and older men | 6 weeks 3 days/week 18 sessions | VL Muscle thickness VL Pennation angle VL Fascicle length | MVC | ||||
Grosset, et al. [65] | N = 30 (20 M/10F) PT = 9 (6 M/3F) ET = 21 (14 M/7F) | PT 21.0 ± 2.3 ET 21.3 ± 0.3 | Sedentary college students | 10 weeks 2 days/week 20 sessions 25–45 min/session 5000 jumps | DJ height | MVC | ||||
Helland et al. [52] | N = 39 (29 M/10F) OWL = 13 (9 M/4F) MSPT = 13 (10 M/3F) FSPT = 13 (10 M/3F) | 20 ± 3 | Badminton, volleyball, and hockey players from a Norwegian High School for elite sports | 8 weeks 2–3 days/week 21 sessions OWL 45 min/session MSP 25 min/session FSP 35 min/session | VL Muscle thickness RF Muscle thickness VL Pennation angle VL Fascicle length | CMJ height SJ height DJ 40 cm height | 30 m sprint time | 1 RM squat | ||
Hirayama et al. [63] | N = 21 (M) PT = 11 CG = 10 | PT 22 ± 3 CG 22 ± 4 | Recreationally active males | 12 weeks 3 days/week 36 sessions | Achilles tendon stiffness | Static plantar flexion torque | ||||
Horiuchi et al. [66] | N = 20 (M) BFR = 10 CG = 10 | BFR 23.3 ± 2.5 CG 22.4 ± 1.7 | Untrained healthy males | 4 weeks 4 days/week 16 sessions | CMJ height SJ height | Knee extension | ||||
Horwath et al. [53] | N = 22 (M) ISO/ECC = 11 TRAD = 11 | 18 ± 1 | Resistance-trained ice hockey players | 8 weeks 2–3 days/week 21 sessions | VL Muscle thickness VM Muscle thickness RF Muscle thickness | CMJ height DJ height | 30 m sprint time | 1 RM | ||
Houghton et al. [25] | N = 15 (M) PT = 7 CG = 8 | 21.6 ± 4 | Players from local district-grade cricket clubs | 8 weeks 2–3 days/week 16–24 sessions 1785 jumps | Achilles tendon CSA | Achilles tendon stiffness | CMJ height SJ height | 5 m sprint time | ||
Hunter and Marshall [67] | N = 50 (M) P = 11 S = 11 PS = 14 CG = 14 | 24 ± 4 | Athletes (primarily basketball and volleyball players), with little experience in endurance training | 10 weeks 2 days/week 20 sessions 25–60 min/session | CMJ height DJ 30 cm height | |||||
Kijowksi et al. [68] | N = 19 (M) TG = 9 CG = 10 | TG 21.1 ± 1.2 CG 22.5 ± 2.0 | Subjects had at least 2 years of previous experience with recreational strength and power training and were not involved in any competitive athletic sports | 4 weeks 2 days/week 8 sessions | Squat 1RM/BM | |||||
Kubo et al. [28] | N = 10 (M) PT = 10 WT = 10 Subjects performed plyometric training on one side (PT) and weight training on the other side (WT). In each subject, the right and left legs were randomly allocated to the training protocols | 22 ± 2 | Healthy males without experience of regular exercise training | 12 weeks 4 days/week 48 sessions | Achilles tendon CSA | Achilles tendon stiffness | CMJ height SJ height DJ height | MVC | ||
Kubo et al. [54] | N = 11 (M) PT = 11 IT = 11 One leg performed plyometric training (PLY) and the other leg performed isometric training (ISO). In each subject, the right and left legs were allocated to the training protocols in a random manner | 22.5 ± 3.2 | Healthy males without experience of regular exercise training | 12 weeks 3 days/week 36 sessions | Muscle thickness of triceps surae (medial gastrocnemius. lateral gastrocnemius, soleus) | Achilles tendon CSA | Stiffness Passive muscle stiffness | CMJ height DJ height | MVC | |
Kubo et al. [61] | N = 21 (M) PT = 11 CG = 10 | PT 20.9 ± 1.6 CG 21.0 ± 1.4 | Healthy male college students (any regular training for at least 2 years before) | 12 weeks 3 days/week 36 sessions | Muscle thickness of triceps surae (medial gastrocnemius, lateral gastrocnemius, soleus) | Achilles tendon CSA | Achilles tendon stiffness | CMJ height SJ height DJ height | ||
Kudo et al. [55] | N = 21 (14 M/7F) ECR = 11 (8 M/3F) NCR = 10 (6 M/4F) | ECR 21.2 ± 3.9 NCR 19.6 ± 0.7 | Healthy and normal volunteers | 12 weeks 7 days/week 84 sessions ECR 15 × 3 repetitions daily in two sets NCR 20 × 3 repetitions daily in two sets | Muscle thickness of triceps surae (medial gastrocnemius) Pennation angle of triceps surae (medial gastrocnemius) Fascicle length of triceps surae (medial gastrocnemius) | |||||
Laurent et al. [27] | N = 32 (17 M/15F) TG KE = 11 (6 M/5F) TG KF = 11 (6 M/5F) CG = 10 (5 M/5F) | 19 to 26 | Physically active Sport Science and Physiotherapy students | 10 weeks 2 days/week 20 sessions 2980 jumps | Achilles tendon CSA | Achilles tendon stiffness | CMJ height DJ 40 cm height | MVC | ||
Monti et al. [56] | N = 8 (M) | 25.3 ± 4.6 | Healthy, fully independent and recreationally active volunteers | 6 weeks 3 days/week 18 sessions 20–25 min/session 2160–2700 jumps | VL CSA VL Pennation angle VL Fascicle length | MVC | ||||
Ogiso and Miki [64] | N = 23 (M) EMS = 8 Non-EMS = 9 CG = 6 | EMS 21.0 ± 0.8 Non-EMS 19.2 ± 0.8 CG 21.7 ± 0.5 | Healthy men with no orthopaedic or neuromuscular disorders and who train regularly | 3 weeks 3 days/week 9 sessions | Achilles tendon stiffness | CMJ height SJ height DJ height | MVC torque 90 º | |||
Paleckis et al. [26] | N = 9 (M) | 21.6 ± 3.2 | Healthy physically active untrained young men | 9 days daily 9 sessions | CMJ height | MVC of quadriceps femoris | ||||
Potach et al. [69] | N = 16 (4 M/12F) PT = 8 (2 M/6F) CG = 8 (2 M/6F) | Not defined | College students | 4 weeks 2 days/week 8 sessions | CMJ height | |||||
Stien et al. [57] | N = 52 (F) OS = 18 17 OL = 18 17 CG = 16 | 21.2 ± 1.7 | Resistance-trained women students | 8 weeks 2–3 days/week 16–24 sessions 1380 jumps | VL Muscle thickness | |||||
Taube et al. [70] | N = 33 (19 M/14F) SSC1 = 11 (7 M/4F) SSC2 = 11 (7 M/4F) CG = 11 (5 M/6F) | SSC1 24 ± 3 SSC2 25 ± 4 CG 24 ± 3 | Healthy subjects participated in sporting activities containing jumps | 4 weeks 3 days/week 12 sessions 45–60 min/session | DJ height | |||||
Ullrich et al. [58] | N = 22 (12 M/10F) TP = 11 (6 M/5F) DUP = 11 (6 M/5F) | 24.3 ± 2.6 | Amateur athletes (soccer, handball, basketball, tennis and field hockey players) | 6 weeks 3 days/week 18 sessions 40 min/session 540 jumps | VL Muscle thickness RF Muscle thickness VL Pennation angle RF Pennation angle VL Fascicle length RF Fascicle length | CMJ height | Bilateral leg extension MVC 90º | |||
Van der Zwaard et al. [62] | N = 21 (F) APL = 7 no APL = 19 | 26 ± 4 | Elite female rowers of the national team | 16 weeks 1 day/week 16 sessions | VL Fascicle length VL Pennation angle | |||||
Wu et al. [39] | N = 21 (M) PT = 11 CG = 10 | PT 22.1 ± 1.6 CG 22.3 ± 1.6 | Students at university student centre | 8 weeks 2 days/week 16 sessions | Achilles tendon stiffness | CMJ height | ||||
Zubac and Simunic [71] | N = 20 (10 M/10F) PT = 10 CG = 10 | 22.4 ± 4.7 | Healthy active individuals for more than 5 h per week | 8 weeks 3 days/week 24 sessions 45 min/session | CMJ height |