Table 1 Participants characteristics, sensing technologies, category of movement, and risk of bias obtained from the studies included in this review
From: Sensing Technology for Assessing Motor Behavior in Ballet: A Systematic Review
References | Participants | Category of dance | Sensing Technology | Ballet movement | Comparison between groups | Risk of bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weighart et al. [19] | Pre-professional; Age: 20 .3 ± 1.4; H/w: 16.4 ± 9.0 Female | Classical ballet and modern dance | Isokinetic dynamometer; EMG: VMO, VL (right leg) | Demi-plié & sauté in CP1, CP6 | Ballet versus modern / injured versus non-injured | Low to moderate |
Lott and Xu [20] | Pre-professional and Elite; years of training: 20 Female | Classical ballet | Motion capture | En dehors pirouette in CP4 | – | Low to moderate |
Arnwine and Powell [21] | Pre-professional and Elite; Age: F—23.4 ± 4.7, M—27.4 ± 4.4 Males and Females | Classical ballet | Force plates | Grand-jeté & sautés in CP1 | Male versus female | Low to moderate |
Jarvis et al. [22] | Elite; Age: 27.04 ± 3.99; Years of training: 21.07 ± 4.88 Female | Classical ballet | Motion capture; force plates | Saut de chat from chassé | – | Low to moderate |
Skopal et al. [23] | Pre-professional; Age: 19 ± 2; Years of training: 9 ± 5.3; H/w: 12 ± 12.5 Female | Contemporary dance | Motion capture; Isokinetic dynamometer | Grand-jeté | Dancers (extra-training) versus dancers (regular training) | Low to moderate |
Gorwa et al. [24] | Pre-professional; Age: Greater—13.9 ± 1.7, Lesser—15.1 ± 0.7; Years of training: Greater—4.1 ± 1.5, Lesser—5.6 ± 0.5 Female | Classical ballet | Motion capture; EMG: ES. RA, GM, SAR, BF, SEM, ADL, RF, VL, VM, LGAS, MGAS, TA, FIB | CP1 to 6 | Greater hip turnout versus lesser hip turnout | Low to moderate |
Seki et al. [25] | Pre-professional; Age: 20; Years of training: 10 Female | Classical ballet | Motion capture | Demi-plié with hallux valgus in CP1 | – | Low to moderate |
Greenwell et al. [26] | Pre-professional; Age: 20.5 Males and Females | Classical ballet and modern dance | Motion capture | Grand-plié in CP1, CP5 | – | Moderate to serious |
Hendry et al. [27] | Pre-professional; Age: 19.6 ± 1.2; H/w: At least 8 Female | Classical ballet and modern dance | Video analysis; Force plates; Inertial sensors | Sauté bilateral & unilateral | – | Low to moderate |
Janura et al. [28] | Elite; Age: F: 25.6 ± 3.8 M: 23.4 ± 4.0; Years of training: At least 10; H/w: 3 to 8 Males and Females | Classical ballet | Force plates | Postural sway | Elite versus non-dancers | Moderate |
Gorwa et al. [29] | Elite; Age: 28.6; Years of training: At least 9 Males and Females | Classical ballet and modern dance | Motion capture; Force plates | Grand-jeté, Entrelacé & Ballonné | – | Serious |
Perry et al. [30] | Elite; Age: 20.7 ± 2.7; Years of training: 13.9 ± 5.0; Female | Classical ballet | Motion capture; Force plates | Saut de chat & temps levé | – | Low to moderate |
Lin et al. [31] | Elite and Novices; Age: 17.8 ± 3.4; years of training: for novices, 2–5 years and for advanced at least 6 years; H/w: 1.5–3 h for novices, at least 3 h for advanced; Female | Classical ballet | Motion capture; Force plates | En dehors pirouette in CP4 | Elite versus Novice | Moderate to serious |
Lott [32] | Pre-professional; Age: 16 ± 1.4; Female | Classical ballet | Video analysis; Inverse dynamics | En dehors pirouette in CP4 | – | Low |
Blanco et al. [33] | Elite and pre-professional and Novices; Age: 20.1 ± 3.6; years of training: Novices: 1.3 ± 0.9 Pre-professional: 3.4 ± 1.4 Elite:7.2 ± 2.4; Males and Females | Classical ballet | Motion capture; force plates; Inertial sensors | Grand-jeté | Elite versus pre-professional versus novice | Serious |
Carter et al. [34] | Pre-professional; Age: 18.8 ± 1.6; Years of training: 12.6 ± 3.6; H/w: 19.5 ± 8.8; Female | Classical ballet and modern dance | Motion capture | Turnout of CP1 & sauté in CP1 | – | Low to moderate |
Aquino et al. [35] | Elite; Age: 22.2 ± 2.2; Years of training: At least 10; Female | Classical ballet | Motion capture; Force plates; EMG: TA, MGAS (left leg) | Relevé in CP2 & piqué arabesque in CP4 | – | Low to moderate |
Mira et al. [36] | Elite and Novices; Age: Novices—16.7 ± 0.7, Elite—23.5 ± 1.5 | Classical ballet | Motion capture; Force plates; EMG: MGAS, LGAS, SOL, VL | Cou-de-pied derrière with demi-plié to piqué arabesque | Elite versus Novice dancers | Moderate |
McPherson et al. [37] | Elite; Age: 19.28 ± 1; Years of training: 12.85 ± 2.37; H/w: 15.02 ± 7.49; Female | Classical ballet | Video analysis; Force plates | Grand-jeté & assemblé dessus from tendu devant | – | Low |
Imura and Iino [38] | Elite; Age: F—1935, M—28.3; Years of training: F—14, M—19.8; Males and Females | Classical ballet | Motion capture; Force plates | En dehors pirouette in CP4 | – | Low to moderate |
Bruyneel et al. [39] | Pre-professional; Age: Young—12.6 ± 1.95, Adult—22.4 ± 5.06; Years of training: at least 4; H/w: Young—14.4 h ± 8.49, Adult—23.8 h ± 10.61; Males and Females | Classical ballet | Force Plates | Grand-plié in CP1 | Young with adult dancers | Moderate |
Bickle et al. [40] | Elite; Age: 26 ± 4; Years of training: at least 3; H/w: at least 25; Female | Classical ballet | Video analysis; Force plates | Bourrés | Worn pointe shoes versus new pointe shoes | RCT High Risk |
Michalska et al. [41] | Elite; Age:28. ± 7; Years of training; at least 5 with an average of 17; Female | Classical ballet | Force plates | Postural sway | Dancers versus non-dancers | Moderate |
Carter et al. [42] | Pre-professional; Age: 19.1 ± 1.8; Years of training: 12.7 ± 3.9; H/w: 19.9 ± 9.7; Female | Classical ballet and modern dance | Motion capture | Turnout of CP1 & sautés in CP1 | – | Moderate |
Carter et al. [43] | Pre-professional; Age: 18.8 ± 0.8; Years of training: 11.7 ± 3.1; Female | Classical ballet and modern dance | Motion capture | Demi-plié & elevé in CP1, degagé devant (flex-point-flex) | – | Moderate |
Costa de Mello et al. [44] | Elite; Age: 28.4 ± 10.8; Males and Females | Classical ballet | Force plates | Postural sway & retiré passé | Elite versus non-dancers | Moderate |
Saito et al. [45] | Pre-professional; Age: 20.3 ± 1.6; Years of training: 16.8; H/w: 7.6; Female | Classical ballet | Force plates; EMG: SOL, MGAS | Elevé in CP6 | Dancers versus non-dancers | Low to moderate |
Imura and Iino [46] | Elite; Age: 30 ± 1; Female | Classical ballet | Motion capture; Force plates | Sauté in CP1, CP6 | – | Low to moderate |
Jarvis and Kulig [47] | Elite; Age: 27 ± 3.9; Years of training: 20.8 ± 4.9; Female | Classical ballet | Motion capture; Force plates | Saut de chat | – | Moderate |
Hinton-Lewis et al. [48] | Pre-professional; Age: 19.2 ± 1.3; Years of training: F—5.2 ± 4.1, M—13.5 ± 3.3; Males and Females | Classical ballet | Video analysis; Inertial sensors | Demi-plié, relevé & sauté in CP1 | Male versus Female | Moderate |
Hopper et al. [49] | Pre-professional; Age: 19.2 ± 1.3; Years of training: at least 5; Males and Females | Classical ballet | Motion capture | Demi-plié, battement fondu with elevé & relevé, ballonné en place, ballonné traveling & Sissonne fondu | – | Moderate |
Quanbeck et al. [50] | Pre-professional and Elite; Age: 20.3 ± 1.5; Years of training: 14.7 ± 2.5; Female | Classical ballet and modern dance | Motion capture | Turnout of CP1 | – | Low to moderate |
Brown and Meulenbroek [51] | Pre-professional; Age: 19.71 ± 2.09; Males and Females | Classical ballet | Inertial sensors | Port de bras in bras-bas, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 3rd reversed, 1st, bras-bas, demi seconde allongé & bras-bas | – | Low to moderate |
Steinberg et al. [52] | Elite; Age: F—16.67 ± 1.79, M—15.90 ± 1.42; Males and Females | Classical ballet | Inertial sensors | Postural sway in coud-de-pied and fondu | Male versus Female | Moderate to serious |
Abraham et al. [53] | Elite; Age: 31 ± 1.87; Years of training: 22.8 ± 4.14; Males and Females | Contemporary dance | Motion capture | Elevé | – | Serious |
Coker et al. [54] | Elite; Age: 26.04 ± 5.29; Years of training: 19.63 ± 6.47; Female | Classical ballet | Motion capture; Force plates | Demi-plié & sauté in CP1 | VI and KI versus Mental arithmetic task as control group | RCT High Risk |
Jarvis and Kulig [55] | Elite; Age: Between 18 and 35; Years of training: At least 10; Female | Classical ballet and modern dance | Motion capture; Force plates | Relevé, sauté & saut de chat in CP1 | Elite versus non-dancers | Moderate |
Bronner and Shippen [56] | Pre-professional and Elite; Age: Elite—25.8 ± 2.6, Pre-professional—20.4 ± 1.5; Years of training: Elite—15.22 ± 6.68, Pre-professional—5.5 ± 5.15; Males and Females | Classical ballet | Motion capture | Développé arabesque with and without elevé in CP1 | Elite versus pre-professional | Moderate to serious |
Gontijo et al. [57] | Age: 27 ± 8; Years of training: 18 ± 8; H/w: 4 ± 2 classes per week (no hours) | Classical ballet | Motion capture | Demi-plié & grand-plié in CP1 | – | Moderate |
Hackney et al. [58] | Age: 20.89 ± 2.93; Years of training: at least 5; Female | Classical ballet | Motion capture | Échappé sauté from CP1 to CP2 to CP1 | – | Low to moderate |
Tanabe et al. [59] | Pre-professional; Age: 24.1 ± 5; Years of training: 14.4 ± 3.6; Female | Classical ballet | Video analysis; EMG: Gm, RF, SAR, VL, BF, SM, MGAS, LGAS, SOL, FIB, TA, EDL, FHB | CP1 to CP6 & elevé | – | Low to moderate |
Tanabe et al. [60] | Pre-professional; Age: 22.78 ± 4.68; Years of training: 11.56 ± 4.8; Female | Classical ballet | Video analysis; Force plates | Elevé | Dancers versus non-dancers | Low to moderate |
Lin et al. [61] | Elite and Novices; Age: Superior experience—18.2 ± 1; Experienced—18.3 ± 5.7, Novice—12.3 ± 1.6; Years of training: Superior experience—9.8 ± 1.7, Experienced—8.6 ± 4.9, Novice—3.3 ± 1.7; H/w: Novices—1.5-3 h, Advanced—at least 3 h; Female | Classical ballet | Motion capture; Force plates | Retiré passé in CP5 | Elite versus Novice | Moderate |
Fong Yan et al. [62] | Pre-professional; Age: 25 ± 5.9; Female | Classical ballet | Motion capture; Force plates | Sauté in CP2 | Barefoot versus jazz shoes | Low to moderate |
Lin et al. [63] | Pre-professional; Age: Injured—19 ± 2, non-injured—17.7 ± 2.6; Years of training: at least 5; Female | Classical ballet | Motion capture; Force plates; EMG: FIB, MGAS, TA | Grand-plié in CP1 | Injured versus non-injured | Moderate to serious |
Lin et al. [64] | Elite and Novices; Age: Novices—12 ± 1.91, Advanced—17.77 ± 3.39; Years of training: Novices—3.23 ± 1.69, Advance—8.69 ± 3.3; H/w: Novices—1.5-3 h, Advanced-at least 3 h; Female | Classical ballet | Motion capture | En dehors pirouette in CP4 | Elite versus Novice | Moderate to serious |
Torrents et al. [65] | Pre-professional; Age: F—28 ± 12.7, M—31 ± 9.9; Years of training: at least 5; Males and Females | Contemporary dance | Motion capture | Tour en dehors, brisé volé en arrière en tournant, arabesque penchée | – | Low to moderate |
Kiefer et al. [66] | Elite; Age: 23.59 ± 3.99; Males and Females | Classical ballet | Force plates | Demi-plié & elevé | Elite versus non-dancers | Low to moderate |
Wyon et al. [17] | Pre-professional; Age: 20 ± 1.74; Female | Contemporary dance | Inertial sensors | Grand-jeté | – | RCT High Risk |
Lobo da Costa et al. [67] | Pre-professional; Age: 18.4 ± 2.8; Years of training: at least 7; Female | Classical ballet | Force plates | Attitude devant, derrière & a la second | Ballet shoes versus barefoot | Low to moderate |
Lee et al. [68] | Age: 19.73 ± 2.41; Years of training: at least 7; Female | Classical ballet | Motion capture; Force plates; EMG: FIB, TA, MGAS (both legs), VM, VL, AD, BF (dominant leg) | Sissonne fermée in CP5 | Injured versus non-injured | Moderate |
Pearson and Whitaker [69] | Pre-professional; Age: 19.63 ± 1.06; Years of training: At least 2 in pointe shoes; Female | Classical ballet | Force plates | Demi-pointe in CP1 | Dancers with different shoes | Low to moderate |
Shippen et al. [70] | Pre-professional; Age: 23; Female | Contemporary dance | Motion capture; Force plates | Contemporary sequence | – | Moderate |
Bronner [71] | Elite and pre-professional and Novices; Age: Elite—24.9 ± 1, Intermediate—19.6 ± 0.5, Novice—19.8 ± 0.5; Years of training: Elite—13.3 ± 1.9, Intermediate—11.7 ± 1.1, Novice—6.1 ± 1.6; Males and Females | Classical ballet | Motion capture | Développé arabesque in CP1 | Elite versus Pre-professional versus Novices | Moderate |
Krasnow et al. [72] | Elite and pre-professional and Novices; Age: 30.0 ± 13; Years of training: 13.9 ± 13.3; Female | Classical ballet and modern dance | Motion capture; Force plates | Grand battement in CP1 | Elite versus pre-professional versus novices | Moderate to serious |
Charbonnier et al. [73] | Pre-professional and Elite; Age: 25.36; Years of training: at least 10; H/w: at least 12; Female | Classical ballet and modern dance | Motion capture | Arabesque, développé devant, développé a la seconde, grand écart facial, grand écart lateral & grand plié | – | Low to moderate |
Lin et al. [74] | Pre-professional; Age: Injured—19.7 ± 2.4, Non-injured—18.8 ± 3.1; Years of training: at least 7; Female | Classical ballet | Motion capture; Force plates | CP1 and CP5 | Injured versus non-injured versus non-dancers | Low to moderate |
Walter et al. [75] | Pre-professional; Age: 19.94 ± 1.16; Years of training: 14.17 ± 2.92; H/w: 22.97 ± 8.41; Female | Classical ballet | Force plates | Assemblé in CP5 | Flat shoes versus Pointe shoes | Low to moderate |
Hackney et al. [76] | Pre-professional; Age: 22.72 ± 2.63; Female | Classical ballet | Motion capture | Grand-jeté | – | Low to moderate |
Hackney et al. [76] | Pre-professional; Age: 21.31 ± 2.06; Female | Classical ballet | Video analysis; Force plates | Grand-jeté | – | Low to moderate |
Hackney et al. [77] | Pre-professional; Age: 22.72 ± 2.63; Years of training: at least 5; Female | Classical ballet | Video analysis; Force plates | Sauté in CP1 | – | Low to moderate |
Bronner and Ojofeitimi [78] | Pre-professional; Age: 20.76 ± 2.46; Years of training: 10.74 ± 4.50; Males and Females | Contemporary dance | Motion capture | Grand battement devant, derrière & a la second in CP1 | – | Low to moderate |
Kulig et al. [79] | Pre-professional; Age: 18.9 ± 1.2; Years of training: 8.9 + 5.1; Males and Females | Classical ballet | Motion capture; Force plates | Saut de chat | – | Serious |
Golomer et al. [80] | Elite; Age: Dancers—19 ± 1.6, non-dancers—19 ± 1.3; Years of training: at least 10; H/w: 35; Female | Classical ballet | Seesaw platform; Force plates | Postural sway in one leg | Elite versus non-dancers | Low to moderate |
Imura et al. [81] | Pre-professional; Age: 27.7 ± 1.7; Years of training: 20.6 ± 3.2; Female | Classical ballet | Motion capture; Force plates | Fouetté turns | – | Low to moderate |
Golomer et al. [82] | Elite; Age: 19 ± 2; Female | Classical ballet | Motion capture | Pirouette in CP4 | – | Low to moderate |
Golomer et al. [83] | Elite; Age: 19.6 ± 1.3; Female | Classical ballet | Motion capture | Pirouette in CP4 | Elite versus non-dancers | Moderate |
Imura et al. [84] | Pre-professional; Age: 27.7 ± 1.7; Years of training: 20.6 ± 3.2; Female | Classical ballet | Motion capture; Force plates | Fouetté turns | – | Low to moderate |
Chockley [85] | Pre-professional; Female | Classical ballet | Force plates | Sauté in CP1 | – | Moderate |
Couillandre et al. [86] | Elite; Age: 31 ± 9; Female | Classical ballet | EMG: VL, BF, TA, SOL; Inertial Sensors | Demi-plié & sauté in CP1 | – | Moderate |
Golomer [87] | Pre-professional; Age: 19 ± 1.5; Female | Classical ballet | Motion capture | Pirouette in CP4 | Dancers versus non-dancers | Low to moderate |
Lepelley et al. [88] | Pre-professional and Elite; Males and Females | Classical ballet and modern dance | Motion capture; EMG: ES, GM, RA, P, BF, RF, VL, LGAS, SOL | Battement jeté | – | Low to moderate |
Bronner and Ojofeitimi [89] | Elite; Age: F—30.7 ± 6.4, M—26.7 ± 4.9; Years of training: F—22.2 ± 6.1, M—14.2 ± 3.7; Males and females | Classical ballet and modern dance | Motion capture | Retiré passé in CP1 | Male versus Female | Moderate to serious |
Lin et al. [90] | Pre-professional; Age: 19.15 ± 1.9; Years of training: 11.37 ± 3.9 | Classical ballet | Motion capture; Force plates | Relevé in CP1 | – | Low |
Thullier and Moufti [91] | Elite | Classical ballet | Motion capture | Rond de jambé | Elite versus non-dancers | Low |
Golomer and Dupui [92] | Elite; Age: F—23.3 ± 6.7, M—24.1 ± 1.5, Untr. F—19.7 ± 2.6, Untr. M—24.3 ± 3; Males and Females | Classical ballet | Seesaw platform; Inertial sensors | Postural sway | Elite versus non-dancers | Serious |
Golomer et al. [93] | Elite; Age: Dancers—23.8 ± 2.2, non-dancers—18.8 ± 3.5; Males | Classical ballet | Seesaw platform; Inertial sensors | Postural sway | Elite versus non-dancers | Serious |
Golomer et al. [94] | Elite and Novices; Age: Adults—23.8 ± 2.2, Adolescents—18.1 ± 0.9, Novices—11.6 ± 1.3; Males | Classical ballet | Seesaw platform; Inertial sensors | Postural sway | Elite versus Novice | Serious |
Golomer et al. [95] | Elite and Novices; Age: Elite—17.4 ± 1.1, Novices—11.9 ± 1.1, Acrobats elite—18.1 ± .1, Acrobats novices—12.5 ± 1.5; Female | Classical ballet and acrobats | Seesaw platform; Inertial sensors | Postural sway | Elite versus acrobats versus Novice | Serious |
Trepman et al. [96] | Elite; Age: 33 ± 9; Years of training: 24 ± 10; H/w: 32 ± 7; Female | Classical ballet and modern dance | Video analysis; EMG: GM, BF, AD, VL, VM, TA, MGAS, LGAS | Demi-plié in CP1 | Ballet versus modern | Low to moderate |