Table 1 Characteristics of the studies included
Authors | Control group intervention | Design | Outcomes | Sample size | Other clinical conditions | Baseline HbA1c (%), Mean (SD) | Duration of the disease (y), range or mean (SD) | Medications | Sex, female (%) | Age (y), mean (SD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jiang et al. [47] | Required to maintain their usual physical activity | RCT | Body composition FATmax VO2max Blood chemistry Physical capacity | 49 | Postmenopausal | 6.72(0.7) | 6 to 11 (range) | Metformin Sulfonylureas ACE inhibitors Diuretics Statins Fibrates | 49 | 63(5) |
Yamamoto et al. [37] | Instructed to maintain their daily activities | RCT | Muscle strength Gait speed Body composition | 53 | NR | 7.24(0.77) | 17.0 (10.3) | NR | 47 | 73(2) |
Shabkhiz et al. [36] | Instructed to maintain their normal activities and not to modify their lifestyles | RCT | Blood chemistry Muscle strength Body composition | 44 | NR | NA | 10.2(3) | Insulin-secretagogue Insulin-sensitizer Lipid lowering Anti-hypertensive | 0 | 72(6) |
Hwang et al. [39] | Instructed not to change their habitual physical activity, diet, or medications | RCT | VO2peak Body composition Blood chemistry Habitual physical activity Dietary analysis | 50 | NR | 7.23(0.33) | 8(1) | Metformin SGLT2 inhibitors Sulfonylureas DPP-4 inhibitors GLP-1 agonists ThiazolidinedionesInsulin Statins Anti-hypertensives Aspirin | 46 | 63(1) |
Wilson et Al. [60] | Instructed to maintain their usual lifestyle | RCT | VO2peak Left ventricular function Body composition Blood volume | 16 | NR | 7.77(3.61) | 7.2(4.2) | Metformin Gliclazide Insulin | 37.5 | 52(8) |
Scheer et al. [61] | Instructed to maintain their usual activities | NRS | VO2peak Anthropometric variables Blood chemistry Muscular strength Vascular function | 27 | Obese Overweight | 7.1(0.84) | NR | Biguanides Sulfonylureas GLP-1 agonists DPP-4 inhibitors Statins Beta blockers Calcium channel blockers ACE inhibitors Angiotensin II receptor antagonist Anti-inflammatories Diuretic Fibrate Thyroid hormones Estrogen Testosterone, Paracetamol Other pain relief | 44 | 62(10) |
Conners et al. [38] | Instructed to maintain their current dietary and physical activity habits | RCT | Glycemic control Blood lipids Health-related fitness | 26 | NR | 7.58(NR) | 7.1(4.6) | Metformin Sitagliptin | 61 | 58(5) |
Szilágyi et al. [40] | Did not participate in any exercise | RCT | Plasma glucose Body composition Physical fitness level | 208 | NR | NA | 20.4(7) | NR | 64 | 61(7) |
Melo et al. [41] | Received guidance for maintenance of medication and the nutritional intake of foods consumed in the diet | RCT | Plasma glucose HbA1c Functional capacity | 22 | NR | 7.6(0.75) | 8.3(6) | Metformin Glibenclamide Sitagliptin Glimepiride | 100 | 67(7) |
Banitalebi et al. [59] | Usual medical care and received diabetes recommendations for self-management. Were not given exercise counselling and were asked to maintain physical activity levels | RCT | Myokine levels Metabolic outcomes Body composition VO2peak | 42 | Overweight | 9.41(0.82) | NR | NR | 100 | 55(6) |
Santos et al. [62] | Received no intervention and were instructed not to change their lifestyle | NRS | Maximal strength | 48 | NR | NA | NR | Hypoglycemic agents | 63 | 67(5) |
Pozo-Cruz et al. [42] | Receiving only standard care | RCT | Glycemic control Dyslipidemia Functional capacity | 39 | NR | 7.17(0.96) | 9.2(7.7) | NR | 49 | 69(10) |
Yan et al. [58] | – | RCT | Blood pressure Body composition Blood chemistry VO2max | 41 | Hypertension | 8.7(2.8) | NR | Nifedipine Amiloride Hydrochlorothiazide Methyldopa Enalapril Atenolol Chlorthalidone Metformin Glyburide | 0 | 53(11) |
Tan et al. [43] | Instructed to maintain their individual habits of physical activities and refrain from engaging in any other forms of prescribed exercise training | RCT | Body composition Glycemic control Lipid profile Functional capacity | 25 | NR | 6.38(0.97) | 16.7(6.7) | Oral hypoglycemic | 48 | 66(4) |
Labrunée et al. [48] | Received counsels regarding physical activity practice | RCT | Anthropometric variables Blood chemistry Physical capacities Maximal isometric strength QOL | 23 | Obesity (stage 2–3) | 8.67(1.81) | > 1 year | Insulin Metformin Sulfonylureas | 56.5 | 53(9) |
Karstoft et al. [52] | Were instructed to continue their habitual lifestyle | RCT | VO2max Body composition Blood pressure Blood chemistry | 32 | NR | 6.66(0.2) | 4.7(1.2) | Metformin Sulfonylureas DPP-4 inhibitors GLP-1 analogues | 31.57 | 59(2) |
Kadoglou et al. [54] | Maintenance of usual activities | RCT | VO2peak Body composition Blood chemistry | 89 | Overweight or Obese | 8.02(1.04) | 6.3(3.3) | Metformin Gliclazide | 63 | 59(8) |
Plotnikoff et al. [57] | Non-training and maintenance of physical activity levels | RCT | Muscle strength Blood chemistry Body composition Social cognitions | 48 | Obese | 6.86(1.21) | NR | Insulin Metformin Sulfonylureas Thiazolidinediones α-glucosidase inhibitors ACE inhibitors Angiotensin receptor blockers Diuretics β-blockers Calcium channel blockers Statins Fibrates Cholesterol absorption inhibitors Aspirin | 67 | 55(12) |
Balducci et al. [44] | Remained sedentary | RCT | Biochemical parameters VO2max Body composition Volume of physical activity | 82 | Metabolic syndrome | 7.41(1.41) | 8.9(6) | Sulfonylurea Glinide Metformin Thiazolidinedione Insulin ACE inhibitors Angiotensin-receptor blocker Diuretic Calcium-channel blocker β-blocker α1-adrenergic blocker Statins Fibrates Antiplatelet agents | 40.32 | 62(8) |
Larose et al. [50] | Instructed to revert to their level of activity at baseline and to maintain this level | RCT | VO2peak Submaximal exercise response Muscular strength | 251 | Obesity | 7.68(0.88) | 5.3(4.4) | NR | 36.2 | 54(7) |
Loimaala et al. [55] | Standard treatment for type 2 diabetes | RCT | Cardiovascular risk factors Arterial pulse wave velocity Blood chemistry Muscle strength VO2max | 48 | Hypertension | 8.1(1.2) | NR | Metformin Sulfonylureas | 0 | 54(6) |
Lam et al. [45] | Wait list control | RCT | Blood chemistry Blood pressure Body composition Health status Functional capacity | 53 | NR | 8.54(1.25) | NR | Insulin | 54.71 | 62(10) |
Brun et al. [49] | Usual routine treatment | RCT | Lifestyle and fitness outcomes Body composition Metabolic outcomes QOL Healthcare costs | 25 | Overweight Obesity | 8.86(1.35) | 10(7) | NR | 26 | 60(10) |
Kadoglou et al. [53] | Maintenance of usual activities | RCT | Body composition VO2peak Blood chemistry Blood pressure | 60 | Overweight | 7.88(0.96) | 6.8(4.1) | Sulfonylurea Metformin Antihypertensives | 57 | 62(5) |
Bjørgaas et al. [46] | Not given any specific recommendations concerning physical activity | RCT | VO2max Fitness, clinical and laboratory variables | 29 | Overweight | 7.4(1.2) | NR | Metformin Sulfonylurea Antihypertensives Lipids-lowering Aspirin | 0 | 57(8) |
Fritz et al. [63] | Received no exercise instructions | NRS | Blood chemistry Blood pressure Body composition VO2max | 52 | NR | 6.15(0.8) | 5.5(4.3) | Glucose lowering agents Antihypertensives Lipids-lowering | 50 | 60(7) |
Loimaala et al. [51] | Received conventional treatment of type 2 diabetes only | RCT | Body composition Blood chemistry VO2max Muscle endurance Isometric strength Baroreflex sensitivity Heart rate variability Whole-body impedance cardiography | 49 | Hypertension | 8.1(1.69) | > 3 years | Hypoglycemic agents | 0 | 53(5) |
Verity et al. [56] | Instructed to maintain their normal daily activities | RCT | Body composition Blood chemistry VO2max | 10 | Postmenopausal Overweight | 8.85(1.79) | 4.5 | None | 100 | 59(12) |
Skarfors et al. [64] | Not physical training | NRS | VO2max Blood chemistry | 16 | Musculoskeletal problems Asthma on exertion Hypertension only control group | NA | 2.6(3) | Digoxin Antihypertensives Sulfonylurea Bronchodilators | 0 | 59(2) |