Study | Subjects | Ambient conditions | Cooling interventions | Exercise protocol | Tlocal | Perceptual outcomes | Thermoregulatory outcomes | Performance outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Simmons et al. [56] | 6 males, 3 females | 34 ± 1 °C, < 30% RH sauna temp = 68 ± 3 °C | Head & face cooling (Ice packs placed around whole head) | Two 12-min cycling tests at 70% VO2max separated by a passive heating period in sauna | NA | ↓ TS & RPE | ↓ Tcore & Tsk, → HR | → Exercise time |
Wiewelhove et al. [59] | 8 male tennis players | 31.8 ± 2.1 °C, 48.5 ± 9.6% RH | Neck & face cooling (ice-filled damp towel & electric fanning at 1 m distance) | 45-min simulated tennis match | ↓ Tneck & Tface | ↓ TS | ↓ HR, ↑ RR | → Exercise time |
Palmer et al. [60] | 14 male runners | 33 °C, 55% RH | Head & neck cooling (water-perfused hood (1.1 L/min, 1 °C, 6.2 m PVC tubing) | Running 30 min at 60% VO2max followed by 15-min running TT | NA | ↓ TS & TC, → RPE | ↓ Tcore, → HR | ↑ Distance (3.3%) |
Gordon et al. [61] | 14 males | 35 °C, 50% RH | Head & neck cooling (water-perfused hood & neck cooling, Tin = 3 °C) | Cycling 60 min at 50% VO2max | ↓ Tneck | ↓ TS | → Tcore, → MVC, ↑ PF, ↓ MVF & CAR & CF, | NA |
Goosey-Tolfrey et al. [62] | 8 wheelchair tennis players | 30.4 ± 0.6 °C, 54 ± 3.8% RH | Head & neck cooling (water absorbing crystals, refreshed every 10 min, T unknown) | 60-min intermittent sprint trials | NA | ↓ TS & RPE | ↓ Wc, → HR & Bla | NA |
Simmons et al. [63] | 6 males, 4 females | 25 °C, 50% RH increased to 45 °C, 50%RH | Head & neck cooling (water conditioned balaclava, Twater =  = 3 °C) | Passive heating | ↓ Tneck | ↓ TD | ↓ HR, ↑ SV, → CO | NA |
Ronald et al. [64] | 10 males, 10 females | 30 ± 1 °C, 54 ± 5% RH | Head & neck cooling (evaporating ice water absorbed by material [poplin fabric cover & ties placed at forehead & neck bandanna tied around neck]) | Cycling 30 min at 60% VO2max | ↓ Thead | → RPE | → Tcore & Tsk, → HR & VO2 & SR & PV & BP | NA |