Table 2 Results for specific in-water resistance training interventions
Reference | Competition level, sex, N in intervention groups, age (y) | Specific in-water resistance training | Week tr./ tr. per week | Resistance training program for EG and any changes in CG habitual training | Swim performance measured | Other measured effects | Positive effects of training intervention | Findings in swim performance * Significant change from pre- to posttest (p < 0.05) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dragunas et al. [34] | Regional to national n = 18 10 M, 8 F EG, n = 9 19.3 ± 0.87 CG, n = 9 19.0 ± 1.80 | Drag-suit | 5/3 | EG: Drag-suit Day 1: 3 × 50yd sprint + 200yd easy swim Day 2: 4 × 4 x 25yd sprints + 200yd easy swim Day 3: 16 × 25yd sprints CG: same sprint sets without drag-suit | 50 m fc | SR and SL |  + none | 50 m (s) EG: Pre 29.6 ± 3.1 Post 29.5 ± 2.9 CG: Pre 29.8 ± 2.15 Post 29.3 ± 2.2 |
Girold et al. [32] | Regional to national n = 37 16 M, 21 F EG (RS), n = 15 16.5 ± 2.0 EG (AS), n = 11 18.0 ± 3.0 CG, n = 11 17.0 ± 3.0 | Resistance band | 3/3 | AS: 12 × 25-m crawl sprints RS: 30 s work /30 s rest × 6 crawl sprints CG: 50 m × 6 crawl sprints | 100 m fc | SL, SR, elbow flexor and extensor strength, 1st and 2nd 50 m over the 100 m performance |  + SR (both intervention groups), 100 m (RS) | 100 m (s) RS: Pre 67.43 ± 4.4 Post 66.05 ± 4.0* AS: Pre 62.46 ± 5.32 Post 61.9 ± 4.85 CG: Pre 68.15 ± 6.18 Post 68.35 ± 5.91 |
Girold et al. [12] | Regional to national n = 14 7 M, 7 F EG, n = 7 16.5 ± 2.5 CG, n = 7 16.5 ± 1.5 | Resistance band | 12/2 | RAS: 3 reps × 2 × 3. Resisted one way and assisted the other ca. 45 min CG: 45 min aerobic cycling | 50 m fc | SL, SR, SD, elbow flexor and extensor strength |  + 50 m, SD, elbow extensor strength | 50 m (s) RAS: Pre 30.94 ± 1.59 Post 30.00 ± 2.00* CG: Pre 31.35 ± 2.30 Post 31.11 ± 1.89 |
Gourgoulis et al. [35] | Regional n = 12 F EG, n = 6 13.08 ± 0.9 CG, n = 6 13.08 ± 0.9 | Parachute | 11/4 | EG: Parachute Day 1 and 3: 3 × 6 × 15-m all-out Day 2 and 4: 2 × 4 × 25-m all-out CG: same as EG but without parachute | 50 m, 100 m, 200 m fc | 50, 100, 200 m front crawl with pull buoy, mean SV, SL, SR, total stroke duration, duration of propulsive and non-propulsive phase |  + 50, 100, 200 m front crawl with and without pull buoy, mean swimming velocity | 50 m (s) EG: Pre 35.92 ± 1.96 Post 34.77 ± 2.13* CG: Pre 35.67 ± 3.50 Post 35.60 ± 3.04 100 m (s) EG: Pre 77.73 ± 5.25 Post 73.75 ± 5.21* CG: Pre 78.00 ± 7.46 Post 77.10 ± 8.24 200 m (s) EG: Pre 172.00 ± 12.98 Post 159.17 ± 10.68* CG: Pre 171.17 ± 14.47 Post 170.17 ± 13.75 |
Junior et al. [48] | National n = 14 M EG, n = 7 15–16 CG, n = 7 15–16 | Resistance band | 8/2 | RS: 3 × 2 series of 30 s resisted swim + 10 s + 2 min rest CG: swim only | 50 m fc | RPE |  + 25 m front crawl | 25 m (s) EG: Pre 13.10 ± 0.65 Post 12.70 ± 0.46* CG: Pre 13.15 ± 0.54 Post 13.13 ± 0.47 50 m (s) EG: Pre 27.50 ± 0.75 Post 27.13 ± 0.72 CG: Pre 27.55 ± 0.54 Post 27.51 ± 0.92 |
Kojima et al. [30] | Regional n = 18 9 M, 9 F EG, n = 9 13.5 ± 1.0 CG, n = 9 13.5 ± 1.4 | Resistance band | 10/2 | RS: 10 × 10-m resisted sprints CG: 10 × 15-m non-resisted sprints | 50 m fc | Peak power, peak power/ stroke, 13.7 m front crawl |  + peak power, peak power per stroke, 13.7 and 50 m fc for both groups | 50 m (s) EG: Pre 31.85 ± 0.15 Post 30.8 ± 4.2* CG: Pre 32.47 ± 0.11 Post 31.25 ± 1.8* |
Mavridis et al. [31] | National n = 82 (–-) EG, n = 53 14.7 ± 1.5 CG, n = 29 15.0 ± 1.5 | Resistance band | 12/3 | RS: 2 × 50 m at 70% intensity 4 × 25 m at max intensity with resistance CG: same as RS but without resistance | 50 m, 100 m, 200 m in preferred stroke | 10 m test with and without resistance |  + 100 and 200 m in best stroke, 10 m test with and without resistance | 50 m (s) EG: Pre 33.74 ± 3.85 Post 32.55 ± 3.49* CG: Pre 33.63 ± 3.87 Post 32.97 ± 3.55* 100 m (s) EG: Pre 73.13 ± 8.66 Post 70.83 ± 7.86* CG: Pre 72.91 ± 8.71 Post 71.83 ± 7.85 200 m (s) EG: Pre 159.59 ± 18.34* Post 154.5 ± 17.39 CG: Pre 159.19 ± 18.34 Post 157.66 ± 17.43 |
Papoti et al. [29] | National n = 21 12 M, 9 F EG, n = 10 16.0 ± 2.1 CG, n = 11 16.0 ± 2.1 | Resistance band | 7/5 | EG: 50% of main series performed with tethered swimming CG: swim only | 100 m, 200 m and 400 m fc | Anaerobic threshold, SR at anaerobic threshold, peak force, peak blood lactate |  + peak blood lactate | 100 m (s) EG: Pre 65.79 ± 7.01 Post 66.67 ± 7.20 CG Pre 65.79 ± 7.45 Post 67.11 ± 7.76 200 m (s) EG: Pre 151.52 ± 11.54 Post 148.15 ± 14.40 CG: Pre 148.15 ± 17.81 Post 148.15 ± 15.53 400 m (s) EG: Pre 320.00 ± 31.01 Post 320.00 ± 28.38 CG: Pre 320.00 ± 28.38 Post 322.58 ± 23.54 |