Table 1 Results for specific in-water resistance training interventions with focus on the arms
Reference | Competition level, sex, N in intervention groups, age (y) | Specific in-water resistance training | Week tr./ tr. per week | Resistance training program for EG and any changes in CG habitual training | Swim performance measured | Other measured effects | Positive effects of training intervention | Findings in swim performance * Significant change from pre- to posttest (p < 0.05) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barbosa et al. [33] | Regional n = 20 10 M, 10 F EG, n = 10 21.8 ± 1.9y CG, n = 10 22.4 ± 2.3y | Hand-paddles | 4/3 | EG: 10 × 10 strokes all-out with hand paddles CG: same as EG, but without paddles | 50 m fc | Clean SV, SR, SL, tethered SF and RPE |  + none | 50 m (s) EG: Pre 31.28 ± 4.78 Post 31.28 ± 4.86 CG: Pre 32.03 ± 4.27 Post 31.93 ± 4.30 |
Konstantaki et al. [37] | Regional n = 15 M EG, n = 8 16.0 ± 3.0 y CG, n = 7 16.0 ± 3.0 y | Arms-only | 6/3 | EG: Arms-only training as 20% of the weekly swimming distance CG: normal swim practice | 372 m fc | 186 m arms only time trial, submax. VO2, VO2peak, exercise intensity at VT |  + 186 m arms only time trial, submax. VO2, VO2peak, exercise intensity at VT | 372 m (s) EG: Pre 319 ± 11.0 Post 315 ± 16.0 CG: Pre 323 ± 8.0 Post 320 ± 10.0 |
Toussaint and Vervoorn [38] | National n = 22 16 M, 6 F EG, n = 11 18.40 ± 2.10 y CG, n = 11 18.50 ± 3.30 y | POP training device | 10 /3 | EG: Ex. Training program: 20 × 23 m; 1 length sprinting on the POP, the other swimming back slowly 10 × 23 m kicking 6 × 23 m 3x (1 length sprint on POP, 1 length butterfly) CG: same sprint training as EG but without the POP device | 50 m, 100 m, 200 m fc | Max. SF, stroke velocity and stroke power, no. of strokes in 25 m and 50 m |  + 50 and 200 m fc, max. SF, stroke velocity and stroke power, no. of strokes in 25 and 50 m | 50 m (s) EG: Pre 27.2 ± 1.8 Post 26.6 ± 1.8* CG: Pre 27.7 ± 1.9 Post 27.3 ± 1.9 100 m (s) EG: Pre 59.3 ± 3.6 Post 57.4 ± 3.8* CG: Pre 60.0 ± 4.4 Post 58.7 ± 4.6* 200 m (s) EG: Pre 129.6 ± 7.3 Post 127.3 ± 9.0* CG: Pre 130.8 ± 9.1 Post 129.9 ± 1.6 |