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Table 2 Long-term intervention study characteristics

From: The Effects of Accumulated Versus Continuous Exercise on Postprandial Glycemia, Insulin, and Triglycerides in Adults with or Without Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Studies

Study Design & Duration

Participants (N, gender, age [year], BMI [kg/m2])

Intervention

Results

Asikainen et al. [38]

15 weeks

randomized

controlled trial

Postmenopausal women, N = 134

BMI Ë‚32;

W1 (n = 46), Age: 58 ± 4.4;

W2 (n = 43), Age: 58 ± 4.2;

C1 (n = 45), Age: 57 ± 4.2;

W1: 1 × daily walking; Duration: 46.6 ± 5.4 min

W2: 2 × daily walking with ≥ 5-h interval; Duration: 2 × 24.0 ± 3.2 min

Walking @65% V̇O2max; TEE @300 kcal/d; 5 d/w

C1: no daily walking

Timing: anytime of the day

DBP: ↓ W1 & W2 vs C1

Mean blood glucose: ↓ W1 & W2 vs C1

2-h glucose: ↓ W1 & W2 vs C1

SBP, serum lipoproteins and insulin levels:

 ↔ in all groups

Eriksen et al. [31]

5 weeks

randomized

controlled trial

T2D, males, N = 28

Group 1 × 30:

[n = 9; Age: 59 ± 8;

BMI: 30(27–37)];

Group 3 × 10: [n = 9; Age: 60 ± 4;

BMI: 35(29–41)];

Time-control: [n = 10; Age: 61 ± 7; BMI: 31(28–37)]

3 × 10-min: 3 × 10-min cycling/d

1 × 30-min: 1 × 30-min cycling/d

Cycling @60–65% V̇O2max, 6-d/w

Control group: Free-living conditions

Physical activity and meal timing: unspecified

Cardiorespiratory fitness: ↑ Group 3 × 10 and 1 × 30

Fasting plasma glucose, 120-min glucose OGTT and PPG AUC at 120 and 180-min: ↓ Group 3 × 10, ↔ Group 1 × 30

ISI composite, ISR and Btotal: ↔ Group 3 × 10 and 1 × 30

Pahra et al. [15]

60-d

randomized

crossover trial

T2D, N = 64;

Group A: (n = 32; Age:49.0 ± 9.7);

Group B: (n = 32; Age: 50.7 ± 3.2)

Post-meal EX: 3 × 15-min walking, @15-min after each meal

One-time daily EX: 1 × 45-min walking, before breakfast

Walking @4.8 km/h

Five point blood glucose profile & HbA1c:

↓ Group A, B in Post-meal EX vs One-time daily EX

Reynolds et al. [14]

2 weeks

randomized

crossover trial

T2D, N = 41 (M26/F15);

Age: 60 ± 9.9;

BMI: ~ 32

Post-meal walking: 3 × 10-min walking, after each meal

Single daily 30-min walking: 1 × 30-min walking, anytime of the day

PPG 3-h iAUC: ↓ Post-meal walking vs single daily 30-min walking

  1. Values are mean ± SD or range (minimum–maximum); @, at; AUC, area under the curve; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; EX, exercise; F, females; M, males; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; SBP, systolic blood pressure; T2D, type 2 diabetes; TEE, total energy expenditure; V̇O2max, maximal oxygen uptake; ↑, increased; ↓, reduced; ↔ , no statistically significant difference between measures; vs, compared with the following condition