Studies | Study design | Participants (N(M/F), age [year], BMI [kg/m2]) | Intervention | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|
Same-day effect | ||||
Bailey et al. [44] | Randomized crossover | Sedentary & inactive but healthy adults, N = 12 (M5/F7) M: Age: 25.0 ± 5.4; BMI:25.0 ± 3.9; F: Age: 22.6 ± 1.5; BMI: 21.3 ± 3.9 | SED-ACT: 10 × 60 s with an interval of 30-min HIIE: 10 × 60 s with 1-min @60Watt active recovery between bouts Cycling @90% V̇O2max; @45-min post-breakfast SED: prolonged uninterrupted sitting for 6.5-h | PPG iAUC:↓1.91 mmol/L/6.5-h (SED-ACT vs SED) PPTG iAUC:↓1.02 mmol/L/6.5-h (HIIE vs SED) |
Bhammar et al. [52] | Randomized crossover | Overweight/obese, physically inactive adults, N = 10 (M5/F5) Age: 32 ± 5; BMI: 30.3 ± 4.6 | 2-min VIG: 8 × 2-min @79 ± 4% HRmax, every hour, ~ 140 kcal 2-min MOD: 21 × 2-min @53 ± 5% HRmax, every 20-min, ~ 240 kcal 30-min MOD: Start@12:00 h, 1 × 30-min @71 ± 4%HRmax, ~ 230 kcal SIT: 9-h prolonged sitting | Mean 18.7-h glucose: ↓0.4 mmol/L (2-min MOD vs SIT) ↓0.2 mmol/L (2-min VIG vs SIT) 30-min MOD < all other trials |
Blankenship et al. [32] | Randomized crossover | T2D, N = 30 (M14/F16) Age: 64 ± 8.2 BMI: 31.7 ± 5.4 | Break (BR): 12 bouts*1.6, 3.3, 5 min every 30-min for 2-h after each meal, in total 20, 40, 60-min WALK: 1 bout*20, 40, 60-min; after breakfast Intensity @faster than their usual walking speed Control: maintained habitual levels of PA | Daily duration of hyperglycemia: WALK < Control; ↔ BR vs Control Breakfast PPG:↓BR or WALK vs Control Lunch & dinner PPG: ↔ BR and WALK vs Control |
DiPietro et al. [61] | Randomized crossover | Inactive older, N = 10 Age: 69 ± 6; BMI: 30 ± 5; | Postmeal walking: 15-min walk, @30 min after each meal Sustained walking: 45-min of sustained walking performed @10:30 or 16:30 Intensity @3METs Control day: remain inactive | 24-h glycemic:↓in sustained 10:30 A.M. walking & Postmeal walking vs Control day 3-h postdinner glucose: Postmeal walking < All sustained walking |
Engeroff et al. [35] | Randomized crossover | Females, N = 18 Age: 25.6 ± 2.6 BMI: 21.5 ± 2.0 | BREAK: 40-min after breakfast, 5 × 6-min cycling, interval: sitting for 40 min PRE: 30-min cycling pre-breakfast and 4-h sitting Intensity @70% V̇O2max CTRL: 4-h sitting | ΔtChol: ↓BREAK vs PRE; ↔ BREAK vs CTRL TG: ↑in BREAK (after vs before trial); ↑in CTRL (after vs before trial); ↔ in PRE (after vs before trial) |
Francois et al. [16] | Randomized crossover | Insulin resistance, N = 9 (M7/F2) Age: 48 ± 6 BMI: 36 ± 8 | Exercise Snacking (ES): 6 × 1-min intense incline walking Composite Exercise Snacking (CES): 6 × 1-min intervals alternating between walking and resistance-based exercise ES & CES: walking @90% HRmax, 30-min before each meal Continuous exercise (CONT): 30-min continuous incline walking @60% HRmax before dinner | Mean 3-h PPG: ↓after breakfast & dinner; ↔ after lunch (ES vs CONT) Mean 24-h, subsequent 24 h PPG:↓ES vs CONT Glycemic control: ↔ CES vs ES |
Haxhi et al. [33] | Randomized crossover | T2D, N = 9 (M7/F2) Age: 58.2 ± 6.6; BMI: 30.2 ± 3.1 | SplitEx: walking 20-min before and after 40-min of a standard lunch ContEx: walking 40-min after 40-min of a standard lunch Intensity @52.2 ± 5.9% HRR CTRL: no exercise | Duration in moderate hyperglycemia after lunch: ↓25.8% SplitEx vs ContEx Duration in hyperglycemia after breakfast: ↓18.1% ContEx vs CTRL 24-h urinary isoprostanes: ↓68% ContEx vs CTRL, ↓63% SplitEx vs CTRL |
Holmstrup et al. [45] | Randomized crossover | Obese, N = 11 (M8/F3) Mean age: 25 Mean BMI: 34 | Intermittent exercise (INT): 12 × 5-min, hourly Morning Exercise (EX): sedentary behavior with 1-h morning exercise Walking @60–65% V̇O2peak Sedentary behavior (SED): CTRL | 12-h glucose iAUC:↓INT & SED vs EX 12-h insulin iAUC:↓in INT & EX vs SED Insulin production rate:↑in INT vs SED or EX |
Kashiwabara et al. [36] | Randomized crossover | Inactive women with hypertriglyceridemia, N = 12 Age: 71 ± 5 | Multiple: 20 × 90-s, every 15 min with 3 longer breaks over 8-h Continuous: 1 × 30-min Walking @self-selected pace start @40-min after breakfast CTRL: sitting for 8-h | PPTG iAUC: ↓35% in Continuous vs CTRL; ↓33% in Multiple short bouts vs CTRL |
Maylor et al. [46] | Randomized crossover | Sedentary and inactive adults, N = 14 (7 M/7F) Age: 29 ± 9 BMI: 26.1 ± 5.8 | SIT-ACT: 8 × 2-min 32-s, every 1-h, @85% V̇O2R CONT-SIT: 1 × 30-min @60% V̇O2R, followed by prolonged sitting (7-h) Exercise on a treadmill, @30-min after breakfast SIT: remained seated | PPTG iAUC:↓ SIT-ACT vs SIT HDL-C iAUC:↑SIT-ACT vs SIT TG, HDL-C iAUC: ↔ CONT-SIT vs SIT or SIT-ACT |
Miyashita et al. [37] | Randomized crossover | Inactive postmenopausal women, N = 15 Age: 68.8 ± 3.2 BMI: 24.0 ± 2.9 | Regular walking: 20 × 1.5-min walking, every 30 min Continuous walking: 1 × 30-min walking Intensity @self-selected pace (3.7 ± 1.1 km/h) @40 min after breakfast; Prolonged sitting: rest in-lab | Serum PPTG iAUC: ↓ 15% Regular walking vs Prolonged sitting ↓ 14% Regular walking vs Continuous walking |
Murphy et al. [62] | Randomized crossover | N = 10 (M3/F7); Sedentary men: [Age: 46(34–52); BMI: 29.7(25.1–34.5)]; Postmenopausal Sedentary women: [Age: 55(49–66); BMI: 27.2(23.9–33.2)] | Short walk: 3 × 10-min walking before each meal Long walk: 1 × 30-min walking before breakfast Intensity @self-selected pace (5.9 ± 2.6 km/h) CTRL: rest | PPTG:↓Short vs CTRL; ↓Long walks vs CTRL; ↔ Short vs Long walks Postprandial fat oxidation:↑when both walking trials were treated as one condition |
Peddie et al. [50] | Randomized crossover | Adults, N = 70 (M23/F42) Age: 25.9 ± 5.3 BMI: 23.6 ± 4.0 | Regular activity-break: 18 × 1-min 40-s walking, every 30 min over 9-h Physical activity: 1 × 30-min walking, @15-min before 1st meal, then sit 8-h15-min Intensity @60% V̇O2max Prolonged sitting: Prolong sitting 9-h | Plasma insulin iAUC:↓Regular activity-break vs Prolonged sitting or Physical activity PPG iAUC:↓Regular activity-break vs Prolonged sitting or Physical activity Plasma PPTG iAUC:↓Physical activity vs Regular activity-break |
Shambrook et al. [13] | Randomized crossover | Adults, N = 10 (M8/F2) Age: 50.0 ± 12.6 BMI: 29.0 ± 5.4 | APPW: 3 × 10-min walking, @30-min after each meal CPPW: 1 × 30-min walking, @30-min after dinner Intensity @55–70% HRR NOEX: no exercise | PPG dinner: ↓ APPW or CPPW vs NOEX ↔ APPW vs CPPW |
Second-day effect | ||||
Altena et al. [47] | Randomized crossover | Inactive normolipidemic adults, N = 18 (7 M/11F) Age: 25.0 ± 7.6; BMI: 23.2 ± 3.4 | INT-EX: 3 × 10-min walk, interval: sitting for 20-min (Day 1) CON-EX: 30-min walk (Day 1) All treadmill running @60% V̇O2max NOEX: no exercise (Day 1) | PPTG iAUC & iPeak:↓INT-EX vs NOEX; ↔ CON-EX vs INT-EX or NOEX;↑M vs F in INT-EX & CON-EX; ↔ M vs F in NOEX |
Baynard et al. [34] | Randomized crossover | T2D women & non-obese women, N = 15 T2D: (n = 9; Age: 53 ± 6; BMI: 36.1 ± 5.4); CTRL: (n = 6; Age: 49 ± 4; BMI: 22.0 ± 1.5) | Multiple bout: 3 × 10-min, @8:00 am, 12:00 pm, and 5:15 pm (Day 1) Single bout: 1 × 30 min @5:00 pm (Day 1) All treadmill running @60–65% V̇O2max Control day: no exercise (Day 1) | OGTT glucose response: ↔ 3 conditions within each group; 2-h OGTT glucose (Non-diabetic): ↓ Multiple bout vs Single bout or Control day); 2-h OGTT glucose (T2D): ↑ Multiple bout vs Single bout, ↓ Multiple bout vs Control day |
Gill et al. [39] | Randomized crossover | Healthy males, N = 18 Age: 30.6 ± 9.0; BMI: 23.1 ± 1.4; | Intermittent: 3 × 30 min running, interval: 3.75-h (Day 1) Continuous: 1 × 90 min running on the afternoon (Day 1) Intensity @60% V̇O2max CTRL: no exercise (Day 1) | Fasting plasma TG: ↔ between trials PPTG AUC:↓18.1% Intermittent vs CTRL,↓17.7% Continuous vs CTRL; PPG: ↔ between trials Serum insulin response:↓Intermittent vs CTRL |
Kim et al. [40] | Randomized crossover | Healthy recreationally active men, N = 9 Age: 24 ± 4 | LOW: 9 intermittent walking sessions hourly from 0900 to 1800 h @25% V̇O2max (Day 3) MOD: 1 × 60-min running @65% V̇O2max (Day 3) from 1700 to 1800 h; CTRL: sitting no exercise control (Day 3) | PPTG iAUC:↓33.6% MOD vs CTRL; ↓19.8% LOW vs CTRL;↓17.2% MOD vs LOW Plasma glucose:↓MOD vs LOW or CTRL Fat oxidation:↑MOD vs LOW or CTRL |
Miyashita et al. [43] | Randomized crossover | Healthy recreationally active men, N = 10 Age: 25.0 ± 4.1 BMI: 25.4 ± 3.8 | ACCU: 10 × 3-min walking, interval: 30-min (Day 1) CONT: 1 × 30-min walking after lunch (Day 1) Intensity @70% V̇O2max, finished @Day1 15:30 h CTRL: rest in-lab (Day 1) | Day 2 plasma PPTG iAUC: ↓ACCU vs CTRL;↓CONT vs CTRL |
Miyashita [41] | Randomized crossover | Sedentary men, N = 8 Age: 26.5 ± 4.2 BMI: 28.9 ± 4.0 | ACCU: 10 × 3-min cycling, Interval: 30-min (Day 1) CONT: 1 × 30-min cycling after lunch (Day 1) Intensity @60% HRmax, finished @Day1 15:30 h; CTRL: rest in-lab (Day 1) | Day 2 serum PPTG iAUC: ↓ACCU vs CTRL;↓CONT vs CTRL |
Miyashita et al. [42] | Randomized crossover | Men, N = 15 Age: 23.4 ± 3.1 BMI: 23.4 ± 2.3 | ACCU: 10 × 3-min walking, interval: 30-min (Day 1) CONT: 1 × 30-min walking after lunch (Day 1) Intensity @self-selected pace (~ 42% V̇O2max), finished @15:30 h CTRL: rest in-lab (Day 1) | Day 2 plasma PPTG iAUC: ↓ACCU vs CTRL;↓CONT vs CTRL Resting SBP: ↓ACCU vs CTRL;↓CONT vs CTRL |
Shambrook et al. [51] | Randomized crossover | Insufficiently active adults, N = 10 (M8/F2) Age: 50.0 ± 12.6 BMI: 29.0 ± 5.4 | ACC: 3 × 10-min walking, @30-min after each meal (5-d) CONT: 1 × 30-min walking, @30-min after dinner (5-d) Intensity @55–70% HRR NOEX: no exercise (5-d) | OGTT 2-h glucose iAUC: ↔ CONT vs ACC OGTT 2-h insulin iAUC:↓ACC vs NOEX Pulse wave velocity: ↓ACC vs CONT; ↔ ACC vs NOEX |
Yap et al. [20] | Randomized crossover | Healthy adults, N = 25 (M12/F13) Age: 23 ± 3 BMI: 21.0 ± 1.7 | Accumulated: 3 × 10-min walking, interval: 20-min (Day 1) Continuous: 30-min walking after 40-min sitting (Day 1) Intensity @70% V̇O2max Rest: sit for 70-min (Day 1) Timing: all walking finished @Day1 18:10 h | Fasting insulin:↓Continuous vs Rest; ↔ Accumulated vs Rest; ↔ Continuous vs Accumulated; QUICKI:↓Continuous vs Rest; ↔ Accumulated vs Rest; ISI-Matsuda:↑Continuous vs Rest |