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Table 4 T2D participants—changes in Fitness-Fatness Index, metabolic syndrome risk factors, and body composition following the exercise interventions

From: Exercise Training Intensity and the Fitness-Fatness Index in Adults with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Trial

Outcome variables

MICT (n = 9)

 

4HIIT (n = 11)

 

1HIIT (n = 12)

   
 

Baseline

Post

Baseline

Post

Baseline

Post

Between group difference (p-value)

Between group difference (Effect size; η2)

Fitness-Fatness Index

       

FFI (METs/WtHR)

11.7 ± 4.6

12.3 ± 4.1

11.9 ± 3.7

13.9 ± 4.9

13.4 ± 3.8

14.7 ± 3.9

0.21

0.02

METs

7.1 ± 2.2

7.4 ± 1.9

7.1 ± 1.9

8.1 ± 2.2

7.9 ± 1.9

8.5 ± 1.9

0.19

0.02

Relative V̇O2peak (mL/kg/min)

25.0 ± 7.8

26.0 ± 6.8

24.7 ± 6.8

28.4 ± 7.7

27.5 ± 6.5

29.8 ± 6.5

0.19

0.02

Absolute V̇O2peak (L/min)

2.4 ± 0.6

2.5 ± 0.5

2.4 ± 0.6

2.7 ± 0.7

2.4 ± 0.6

2.6 ± 0.6

0.37

0.02

WtHR

0.63 ± 0.1

0.62 ± 0.1

0.61 ± 0.1

0.60 ± 0.1

0.60 ± 0.1

0.59 ± 0.1

0.75

 < 0.001

Metabolic syndrome risk factors

      

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.6 (1.1 to 6.6)

1.6 (1.0 to 5.2)

1.7 (0.6 to 3.5)

1.8 (1.0 to 4.6)

1.8 ± 0.8

1.6 ± 0.6

0.24

0.03

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.0 ± 0.3

1.1 ± 0.6

1.0 (0.6 to 2.1)

0.9 (0.9 to 2.2)

1.0 ± 0.3

1.1 ± 0.2

0.64

0.02

LDL (mmol/L)

2.7 ± 0.9

2.4 ± 0.7

1.7 (0.2 to 6.5)

1.8 (1.3 to 6.7)

2.1 ± 1.0

2.0 ± 0.7

0.65

0.01

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.5 ± 1.0

4.2 ± 1.0

3.5 (2.6 to 9.3)

3.8 (2.9 to 9.1)

3.4 (3.1 to 7.2)

3.8 (2.9 to 5.5)

0.17

0.04

Waist circumference (cm)

109 ± 8

107 ± 8

105 ± 10

104 ± 10

103 ± 11

101 ± 11

0.90

0.001

Systolic BP (mm Hg)

134 ± 8

127 ± 10

123 ± 7

128 ± 9

141 ± 17

134 ± 18

0.03

0.10

Diastolic BP (mm Hg)

87 ± 6

82 ± 7

81 ± 6

78 ± 7

81 ± 6

79 ± 8

0.96

0.003

Fasting glucose (mmol/L)

6.7 (5.6 to 16.4)

6.6 (4.3 to 12.4)

6.6 (5.1 to 13.6)

7.4 (5.2 to 12.7)

7.7 (4.3 to 2.9)

6.6 (6.0 to 14.3)

0.41

0.03

Body composition

        

Weight (kg)

100 ± 9

99 ± 11

94 (82 to 138)

92 (83 to 135)

91 ± 20

90 ± 20

0.99

 < 0.001

Hip Circumference (cm)

111 ± 10

112 ± 11

114 ± 15

113 ± 14

107 ± 12

108 ± 15

0.61

0.01

Total Body Fat (%)

36.9 ± 8.3

35.8 ± 7.7

39.3 ± 8.6

38.3 ± 9.5

35.7 ± 6.6

35.4 ± 6.9

0.48

0.003

Trunk Fat (%)

40.7 ± 7.9

39.1 ± 7.1

42.7 ± 8.1

41.6 ± 9.2

40.0 ± 6.3

39.7 ± 6.3

0.54

0.004

Android Fat (%)

42.5 ± 7.1

41.2 ± 6.6

44.4 ± 8.7

43.1 ± 9.4

42.3 ± 5.4

41.8 ± 5.7

0.51

0.01

Gynoid Fat (%)

34.8 ± 8.3

34.4 ± 8.3

38.1 ± 8.6

36.7 ± 9.6

33.0 ± 6.4

32.5 ± 7.2

0.33

0.004

Lean Body Mass (%)

59.8 ± 9.1

59.8 ± 8.2

55.5 ± 8.3

56.1 ± 9.0

54.9 ± 9.4

54.5 ± 9.8

0.31

0.002

BMI (kg/m2)

34(26 to 44)

34 (24 to 36)

30 (23 to 43)

30.0 (28 to 42)

31 ± 6

31 ± 5

0.91

0.005

  1. MICT moderate-intensity continuous training; 4HIIT 4 × 4 min high-intensity interval training; 1HIIT 1 × 4 min high-intensity interval training; FFI Fitness-Fatness Index; MET metabolic equivalent; V̇O2peak peak oxygen uptake; WtHR waist circumference-to-height ratio; HDL-C high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; BP blood pressure; BMI body mass index; SD standard deviation
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