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Table 2 Mean (SD) for hip adductor and abductor muscle strength, torque and ratios for youth footballers (aged 11–15), divided into in-season hip and groin pain and no in-season hip and groin pain, and historical hip and groin pain and no historical hip and groin pain, stratified by sex

From: Factors Associated with Hip and Groin Pain in Elite Youth Football Players: A Cohort Study

Characteristic

All

In-season hip and groin pain

Difference between groups

p

Historical hip and groin pain

Difference between groups

p

All (n = 105)

Male (n = 58)

Female (n = 47)

Pain

All (n = 23)

Male (n = 18)

Female (n = 5)

No pain

All (n = 82)

Male (n = 40)

Female (n = 42)

Pain minus no pain

(95% CI)

Pain

All (n = 19)

Male (n = 13)

Female (n = 6)

No pain

All (n = 86)

Male (n = 45)

Female (n = 41)

Historical pain minus no pain (95% CI)

Adductors (N)a

13.5 (3.7)

13.7 (3.6)

13.4 (3.8)

0.3 (− 1.4 to 2.1)

.728

14.7 (3.9)

13.2 (3.7)

1.5 (− 0.3–3.4)

.110

Male

14.3 (4.2)

13.9 (3.9)

14.5 (4.3)

− 0.5 (− 2.9 to 1.9)

.669

14.9 (4.3)

14.1 (4.2)

0.8 (− 1.8 to 3.5)

.547

Female

12.5 (2.8)

13.0 (2.9)

12.4 (2.9)

0.5 (− 2.2 to 3.3)

.694

14.3 (3.1)

12.2 (2.7)

2.1 (− 0.3 to 4.5)

.091

Abductors (N)

12.4 (3.1)

12.8 (3.2)

12.2 (3.1)

0.6 (− 0.9 to 2.0)

.417

14.0 (2.9)

12.0 (3.0)

2.0 (0.5–3.5)

.008

Male

12.7 (3.1)

12.7 (3.3)

12.7 (3.1)

0.0 (− 1.8 to 1.8)

.996

13.9 (3.3)

12.4 (3.0)

1.6 (− 0.4 to 3.5)

.110

Female

11.9 (3.0)

13.2 (3.2)

11.8 (3.0)

1.4 (− 1.5 to 4.3)

.329

14.2 (2.0)

11.6 (3.0)

2.7 (0.1–5.2)

.042

Adductor torque (N/Kg)b

2.1 (0.5)

2.1 (0.5)

2.1 (0.5)

0.0 (− 0.2 to 0.2)

.950

2.3 (0.5)

2.1 (0.5)

0.2 (− 0.1 to 0.4)

.119

Male

2.3 (0.5)

2.1 (0.5)

2.3 (0.5)

− 0.2 (− 0.5 to 0.1)

.228

2.3 (0.5)

2.2 (0.5)

0.1 (− 0.2 to 0.4)

.542

Female

1.9 (0.4)

2.0 (0.5)

1.9 (0.4)

0.0 (− 0.3 to 0.4)

.786

2.1 (0.5)

1.9 (0.4)

0.2 (− 0.1 to 0.6)

.172

Abductor torque (N/Kg)

1.9 (0.4)

2.0 (0.4)

1.9 (0.4)

0.1 (− 0.1 to 0.2)

.534

2.2 (0.4)

1.9 (0.4)

0.3 (0.1–0.5)

.002

Male

2.0 (0.4)

2.0 (0.4)

2.0 (0.4)

− 0.1 (− 0.3 to 0.1)

.503

2.2 (0.4)

2.0 (0.3)

0.3 (0.0–0.5)

.026

Female

1.8 (0.4)

2.0 (0.5)

1.8 (0.4)

0.2 (− 0.2 to 0.5)

.312

2.1 (0.3)

1.8 (0.4)

0.3 (0.0–0.6)

.054

Adductor/abductor strength ratio (N)c

1.1 (0.2)

1.1 (0.2)

1.1 (0.2)

0.0 (− 0.1 to 0.1)

.538

1.1 (0.2)

1.1 (0.2)

− 0.1 (− 0.1 to 0.0)

.166

Male

1.1 (0.2)

1.1 (0.2)

1.1 (0.2)

0.0 (− 0.1 to 0.1)

.498

1.1 (0.2)

1.1 (0.2)

− 0.1 (− 0.2 to 0.0)

.205

Female

1.1 (0.1)

1.0 (0.1)

1.1 (0.1)

− 0.1 (− 0.2 to 0.1)

.278

1.0 (0.2)

1.1 (0.1)

− 0.1 (− 0.2 to 0.1)

.292

Between limb difference adductors (N)d

0.494 (2.1)

0.457 (2.7)

0.505 (2.0)

0.0 (− 1.1 to 1.0)

.924

0.5 (3.5)

0.5 (1.7)

0.0 (− 1.0 to 1.1)

.943

Male

0.686 (2.2)

1.1 (1.7)

0.5 (2.3)

0.6 (− 0.6 to 1.9)

.308

0.9 (2.8)

0.6 (2.0)

0.3 (− 1.1 to 1.7)

.679

Female

0.3 (2.1)

− 1.9 (4.2)

0.5 (1.6)

− 2.5 (− 4.3 to − 0.6)

.012

− 0.3 (5.0)

0.3 (1.4)

− 0.6 (− 2.5 to 1.2)

.492

Between limb difference abductors (N)

− 0.412 (2.2)

− 0.630 (1.97)

− 0.351 (2.3)

− 0.3 (− 1.3 to 0.8)

.592

0.3 (3.4)

− 0.6 (1.8)

0.9 (− 0.2 to 2.0)

.107

Male

− 0.791 (2.2)

− 0.694 (2.2)

− 0.835 (2.3)

0.1 (− 1.1 to 1.4)

.827

− 0.5 (3.4)

− 0.9 (1.8)

0.3 (− 1.1 to 1.7)

.658

Female

0.1 (2.1)

− 0.4 (1.0)

0.1 (2.1)

− 0.6 (− 2.5 to 1.5)

.606

2.2 (2.9)

− 0.3 (1.7)

2.5 (0.8–4.1)

.005

Between limb difference adductor torque (N/Kg)

0.08 (0.3)

0.05 (0.4)

0.08 (0.3)

0.0 (− 0.2–0.1)

.693

0.1 (0.5)

0.1 (0.3)

0.0 (− 0.2 to 0.2)

.820

Male

0.1 (0.3)

0.1 (0.2)

0.1 (0.4)

0.1 (− 0.1–0.3)

.517

0.1 (0.5)

0.1 (0.3)

0.0 (− 0.2 to 0.2)

.935

Female

0.0 (0.3)

− 0.3 (0.6)

0.1 (0.2)

− 0.4 (− 0.6 to − 0.1)

.011

0.0 (0.7)

0.1 (0.2)

− 0.1 (− 0.4 to 0.2)

.479

Between limb difference abductor torque (N/Kg)

− 0.07 (0.3)

− 0.08 (0.3)

− 0.06 (0.4)

0.0 (− 0.2 to 0.2)

.865

0.0 (0.6)

− 0.1 (0.3)

0.1 (− 0.2 to 0.4)

.131

Male

− 0.1 (0.4)

− 0.1 (0.3)

− 0.1 (0.4)

0.1 (− 0.2 to 0.3)

.608

− 0.1 (0.6)

− 0.1 (0.3)

0.0 (− 0.2 to 0.3)

.813

Female

0.0 (0.3)

− 0.1 (0.2)

0.0 (0.3)

− 0.1 (− 0.4 to 0.2)

.635

0.3 (0.4)

− 0.1 (0.3)

0.4 (0.1–0.6)

.003

  1. aStrength: the highest of 3 attempts of a break test was used (except when the highest value was > 10% more than the next highest value, the 2nd highest value was used)
  2. bTorque calculated using the formula: Strength value of muscle group × leg length in meters/weight in kilograms
  3. cAdductor/abductor calculated by averaging the muscle groups for both sides then dividing the strength of the adductors by the strength of the abductors
  4. dBetween limb difference calculated by subtracting the non-dominant leg muscle group from the dominant leg muscle group
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