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Table 1 Epidemiological studies on injuries in WC and EC racing (adapted and extended from Barth et al. [2])

From: In-Competition Severe Injury Events in Elite Alpine Ski Racing from 1997 to 2020: The Case of the Austrian Ski Team

 

Flørenes et al. [3]

Bere et al. [4]

Haaland et al. [5]

Alhammoud et al. [6]

Barth et al. [2]

Design

Retrospective cross-sectional

Retrospective cross-sectional

Retrospective cross-sectional

Prospective cohort study

Prospective cohort study

Data from FIS ISS

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Country/countries

Austria, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Slovenia (2008 only)

Ten nations (see ref [3])

International, N/A

France

Austria

Sample

WC racers

WC racers

WC racers

EC racers

Elite alpine ski racers in the Austrian ski team

Covering of season (according to authors’ descriptions)

WC competition season (starting on 1 November or, if earlier, the 1st WC competition of the season, until the 2 final WC competitions)

WC competition season (during the 5-month WC season)

WC competition season (1st to last WC events)

Complete season (1 May–30 April)

Complete season (1 May–30 April)

Period (from seasona to seasona)

2007–2008

2007–2012

2007–2015

2014–2018

1997–2018, without 1999

Seasons (n)

2

6

9

5

22

Type of sport activity

Competition, on-snow training, off-snow training

Competition, on-snow trainingb

Competition, on-snow training

Competition, on-snow training, off-snow training

Competition, on-snow training

Mode of injury onset (presentation)

Sudden onset

Sudden onset

Sudden onset

Sudden onset, gradual onset

Sudden onset

Mode of injury onset (mechanism)

Acute

Acute

Acute

Acute, repetitive

Acute

Definition of severe injury

 > 28 days of absence from training and competition

 > 28 days of absence from training and competition

 > 28 days of absence from training and competition

 > 28 days of absence from training and competition

 > 35 days of absence from training and competition

Multiple injury count method

One body part per event

N/A

N/A

One body part per event

Distinctive analysis

  1. EC, FIS Alpine Skiing Europa Cup; FIS ISS, International Ski Federation Injury Surveillance System; N/A, no data available; WC, FIS Alpine Ski World Cup
  2. aSeason expressed with the ending year (e.g. season 2006/07 expressed as 2007)
  3. bClassification due to the corresponding numbers of Haaland et al. [5], who restricted training to ‘official training, team training and other activity on snow, for example, free skiing or warm up’