Technology | Application | Dynamic accuracy | Detection range | Transmission frequency range | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
mmWave (5 g) | Human Pose detection | Up to < 0.02 m @ LoS | > 200 m@ outdoor | 30–300 GHz | |
Active radio-frequency identification (RFID) | Indoor location detection of devices and people | 0.9 to 1.6 m@ NLoS | 50–95 m radius with possible scalability to 1000 m @ outdoors | 433 | [42] |
3D-Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) | Precision vehicle localization | 0.01 to 0.2 m @LoS | ~ 200 m @ LoS, both outdoor and indoor | ~ 200 Thz | [49] |
Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) | Indoor and outdoor positioning for smartphones | 1–3 m @NLoS | < 200, @ outdoor and < 60 m indoor under Wi-Fi covered distance | 2.4 to 5 GHz | [42] |
Ultra Sound | Indoor location | Up to 0.01 m @ LoS and ~ 0.02 @ NLoS | Up to 10 m @LoS indoor | 1–20 MHz | |
Bluetooth | Real-Time Indoor Positioning | Typically, between 2 and 5 m but can go up to 0.77 m using different signal processing algorithms | Up to 2 m @ NLoS | 2 MHz of width in the 2.4 GHz band | |
Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) | Tracking and position detection in sports | Between 0.08 and 0.2 m @ LoS | 40–80 m | 3.1 to 10.6 GHz | |
Computer Vision | Tracking of ball in sports such as Tennis and Cricket | Up to 0.05.–0.1 m @ 340 fps | N/A | N/A | |
Tracking path length of multiple objects | Up to 8.5% error and under 1 m for marker-based solutions | N/A | N/A | ||
Global Positioning System (GPS) | Measuring real-time movement of soccer players in a test situation | Up to 1.31 m/s error while measuring velocity and 6.05% error when measuring position @ NLoS | > 100 km Outdoor and Indoor | 1575.42 MHz and 1227.6 MHz | [54] |
Global Navigation Satellite System | Smartphone Location | Up to a few centimeters but unstable | > 100 km Outdoor | 1–2 GHz | [55] |