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Table 1 A non-exhaustive list of sensors and their applications in physiological vitals data gathering

From: Artificial Intelligence Based Body Sensor Network Framework—Narrative Review: Proposing an End-to-End Framework using Wearable Sensors, Real-Time Location Systems and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning Algorithms for Data Collection, Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery in Sports and Healthcare

Category

Physiological index

Application

Types of sensors

References

Sweat monitoring

Glucose and lactate

Blood sugar and physiological load monitoring

Iontophoresis electrode-based sensors

[20]

 

Electrolyte concentration

Hydration monitoring, measuring of trace mineral densities, etc.

Galvanic skin resistance (GSR)

 

Temperature sensors

Skin/core temperature measurement

Acute infection monitoring

Pyroelectric sensors

[30]

 

Cortisol

Stress monitoring

Molybdenum disulfide nanosheets

[31]

Emotion regulation

Skin conduction

Continuous estimation of stress

GSR

[32]

Respiration

Oxygen saturation

Blood oxygen levels

Light emitting diode (LED)

[23, 33]

 

Respiratory effort sensor

 

Strain sensor

 
 

Stretchable respiration sensors

Respiratory disease monitoring and diagnosis

Resistive humidity sensors

[28]

Cardiological data

Heart rate

Physical load

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

[34]

 

Heart rate variability

Recovery and stress

  

Skeletal muscle analysis

Electrical activity in muscles

Muscular abnormities, nervous system functioning

Electromyogram (EMG)

[35]

  

Muscular fatigue, injury probability

  

Continuous exercise monitoring through body motion analysis

Biomechanical data

Body position, postural control and team interaction

Accelerometers, pressure sensors, inertial measurement unit gyroscope

[36, 37]

 

Foot movement pattern

GAIT analysis