Table 2 Blood glucose, insulin and insulin resistance for control group (CG), non-periodized group (NG) and periodized group (PG) before and after 16 weeks of intervention
Group | Pré-intervention \({\textbf{X}}\) (± se) | Post-intervention \({\textbf{X}}\) (± se) | P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean difference | Cohen d | group | time | Group * time | |||
Per protocol (n = 39) | |||||||
Blood glucose (mg/dL) | |||||||
CG (n = 14) | 95.0 (± 1.0) | 101.0 (± 4.0) | 6.0 | 0.58 | 0.584 | 0.788 | 0.102 |
NG (n = 11) | 97.1 (± 2.7) | 91.9 (± 3.6) | − 5.2 | 0.54 | |||
PG (n = 14) | 97.0 (± 3.4) | 94.7 (± 3.2) | − 2.3 | 0.20 | |||
Insulin (mU/L) | |||||||
CG (n = 14) | 15.3 (± 2.1) | 16.1 (± 2.1) | 0.8 | 0.11 | 0.438 | 0.072 | 0.141 |
NG (n = 11) | 16.8 (± 3.4) | 10.8 (± 1.6) | − 6.0 | 0.75 | |||
PG (n = 14) | 13.8 (± 1.2) | 11.6 (± 1.5) | − 2.2 | 0.46 | |||
HOMA-IR | |||||||
CG (n = 14) | 3.6 (± 0.5) | 4.0 (± 0.9) | 0.4 | 0.15 | 0.441 | 0.130 | 0.094 |
NG (n = 11) | 4.1 (± 0.9) | 2.5 (± 0.4)* | − 1.6 | 0.76 | |||
PG (n = 14) | 3.3 (± 0.3) | 2.7 (± 0.4)* | − 0.6 | 0.49 | |||
By intention to treat (n = 69) | |||||||
Blood glucose (mg/dL) | |||||||
CG (n = 23) | 99.8 (± 4.1) | 99.6 (± 3.4) | − 0.2 | 0.01 | 0.426 | 0.124 | 0.614 |
NG (n = 23) | 96.2 (± 1.8) | 92.4 (± 3.1) | − 3.8 | 0.31 | |||
PG (n = 23) | 97.5 (± 2.1) | 94.3 (± 3.1) | − 3.2 | 0.25 | |||
Insulin(mU/L) | |||||||
CG (n = 23) | 16.8 (± 2.1) | 15.2 (± 1.8) | − 1.6 | 0.17 | 0.536 | 0.002 | 0.430 |
NG (n = 23) | 16.4 (± 1.8) | 10.9 (± 1.3) | − 5.5 | 0.74 | |||
PG (n = 23) | 16.0 (± 1.4) | 12.2 (± 1.7) | − 3.8 | 0.52 | |||
HOMA-IR | |||||||
CG (n = 23) | 4.1 (± 0.5) | 3.8 (± 0.5) | − 0.3 | 0.12 | 0.405 | 0.004 | 0.447 |
NG (n = 23) | 3.9 (± 0.4) | 2.5 (± 0.3) | − 1.4 | 0.84 | |||
PG (n = 23) | 3.9 (± 0.3) | 2.9 (± 0.4) | − 1.0 | 0.60 | |||