References | Risk factors assessed | Significant risk factors |
---|---|---|
Griffiths et al. [21] | Food and drink from water station Drink from camel pack Other food/drink Ingestion of mud Stayed at camp Drank camp water Ate food from camp Attended pasta party | Other food/drink: RR = 1.36 (p = 0.016) Ingestion of mud: RR = 1.79 (p < 0.0001) |
McGrath and Yehl [13] | Not reported | Not reported |
Mexia et al. [22] | Cycling on the second race day Mud in the face or mouth Use of mudguards Taking more than 5 h to finish Cycling ‘on the wheel’ Sex Hydration equipment and fluid type Spitting the first sip of the bottle Use of cycling gloves Participation in previous year Using communal changing area Eating own food Spitting out mud in mouth or rinsing with water Falling | Cycling on the second day: RR = 3.08 (p < 0.0001) Mud in the face: RR = 2.85 (p < 0.0001) Mud in the mouth: RR = 2.21 (p < 0.0001) Not having a rear mudguard: RR = 1.87 (p < 0.0001) Not having a front mudguard: RR = 1.83 (p < 0.0001) Taking more than 5 h to finish: RR = 1.58 (p < 0.0001) Cycling ‘on the wheel’: RR = 1.39 (p < 0.0001) Spitting the first sip of the bottle: RR = 1.56 (p < 0.0001) |
Stuart et al. [23] | Specific food types Use of event hydration facilities Exposure to mud Position and completion of race | Drinking from cups at water station: RR = 1.21 (95% CI 1.44–2.88) Swallowing mud: RR = 2.11 (95% CI 1.50–2.97) Splashed in mouth with mud: RR = 2.05 (95% CI 1.10–3.82) Food contaminated with mud: RR = 1.35 (95% CI 1.05–1.74) Hands covered in mud: RR = 1.82 (95% CI 1.09–3.06) Mud coverage (on body): RR = 1.61 (95% CI 1.10–2.34) Drank water/fluids contaminated with mud: RR = 1.37 (95% CI 1.04–1.81) Finished the race: RR = 3.40 (95% CI 1.36–8.54) Finished in the middle groups (between 4:00 and 6:39 h): RR = 2.63 (95% CI 1.71–4.04) |
Taylor and Ranse [20] | Not reported | Not reported |