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Table 4 Injury incidence, type, area, severity and contributing factors in the studies

From: Incidence of Injuries, Illness and Related Risk Factors in Cross-Country Marathon Mountain Biking Events: A Systematic Search and Review

References

Injury incidence/prevalence

Total number of injuries

Type of injuries

n (%)

Area of injuries (%)

Severity

Contributing factors

Lareau and McGinnis [8]

Overall: 5.4%

Cross-country: 7.2%

Endurance: 4.7%

Overall: 25/448

Cross-country: 8/111

Endurance: 17/337

Sprain/strain: 1 (6.7%)

Head/Neck (Concussion):2 (13.0%)

Skin: 12 (73.3%)

Eye: 1 (6.7%)

Head: 7.7%

Eye: 2.6%

Arm: 15.4%

Elbow: 15.4%

Wrist/hand/finger/thumb: 12.8%

Ribs/trunk/back: 10.2%

Gluteus: 2.5%

Thigh: 2.6%

Calf: 2.6%

Knee: 15.4%

Shin: 10.3%

Skin: 2.6%

Not reported

Not reported

McGrath and Yehl [13]

42.3%

22/52 participants

Bone: 5 (23.0%)

Skin: 12 (55.0%)

Eye: 1 (4.5%)

Soft tissue: 3 (14.0%)

Bee sting: 1 (4.5%)

Wrist: 23.0%

Not reported

Not reported

Stoop et al. [19]

Total: 71.0%

Amateurs: 68.0%

Elites: 74.0%

56/99 participants

Elites

Bone: 39.9%

Skin and soft tissue: 33.5%

Joint: 26.6%

Amateurs

Bone: 34.1%

Skin and soft tissue: 36.6%

Head/Neck (Concussion): 4.9%

Joint: 24.4%

Elites

Knee/calf: 53.5%

Ankle/foot: 6.7%

Hip/thigh: 13.3%

Shoulder: 6.7%

Wrist/hand: 20.0%

Amateurs

Knee/calf: 26.8%

Ankle/foot: 4.9%

Hip/thigh: 26.8%

Shoulder: 26.8%

Wrist/hand: 14.6%

Head: 7.3%

Trunk: 12.2%

Elites

Severe: 66.5%

Mild: 33.5%

Amateurs

Severe: 63.4%

Mild: 36.6%

Age, exposure time, number of injuries, number of races/year, hours of training/week, protective gear assessed as predictive factors. No significant relationships found

Taylor and Ranse [20]

8.4/1000 h

4.0%

596/14 777 participants

Male: 3.8%

Female: 5.7%

Bony (fractures): 12

Muscle/ligament: 66

Head/Neck (Concussion): 3

Skin: 359

Limb: 60.0%

Head, neck, face: 10.2%

Trunk: 2.7%

Back: 0.5%

Joint: 0.3%

Foreign body: 6.5%

Eye: 0.9%

Multiple injuries: 15.1%

Review of injury: 3.7%

Not reported as specific categories

0.5/1000 h were race-ending

Meteorological factors assessed

Higher ambient temperature increased risk

  1. Elite: semi-professional and professional cyclists; Amateurs: recreational and amateur; Cross-country: < 6 h; Endurance: 6–24 h of racing, sometimes completed in teams up to four cyclists