References | Injury incidence/prevalence | Total number of injuries | Type of injuries n (%) | Area of injuries (%) | Severity | Contributing factors |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lareau and McGinnis [8] | Overall: 5.4% Cross-country: 7.2% Endurance: 4.7% | Overall: 25/448 Cross-country: 8/111 Endurance: 17/337 | Sprain/strain: 1 (6.7%) Head/Neck (Concussion):2 (13.0%) Skin: 12 (73.3%) Eye: 1 (6.7%) | Head: 7.7% Eye: 2.6% Arm: 15.4% Elbow: 15.4% Wrist/hand/finger/thumb: 12.8% Ribs/trunk/back: 10.2% Gluteus: 2.5% Thigh: 2.6% Calf: 2.6% Knee: 15.4% Shin: 10.3% Skin: 2.6% | Not reported | Not reported |
McGrath and Yehl [13] | 42.3% | 22/52 participants | Bone: 5 (23.0%) Skin: 12 (55.0%) Eye: 1 (4.5%) Soft tissue: 3 (14.0%) Bee sting: 1 (4.5%) | Wrist: 23.0% | Not reported | Not reported |
Stoop et al. [19] | Total: 71.0% Amateurs: 68.0% Elites: 74.0% | 56/99 participants | Elites Bone: 39.9% Skin and soft tissue: 33.5% Joint: 26.6% Amateurs Bone: 34.1% Skin and soft tissue: 36.6% Head/Neck (Concussion): 4.9% Joint: 24.4% | Elites Knee/calf: 53.5% Ankle/foot: 6.7% Hip/thigh: 13.3% Shoulder: 6.7% Wrist/hand: 20.0% Amateurs Knee/calf: 26.8% Ankle/foot: 4.9% Hip/thigh: 26.8% Shoulder: 26.8% Wrist/hand: 14.6% Head: 7.3% Trunk: 12.2% | Elites Severe: 66.5% Mild: 33.5% Amateurs Severe: 63.4% Mild: 36.6% | Age, exposure time, number of injuries, number of races/year, hours of training/week, protective gear assessed as predictive factors. No significant relationships found |
Taylor and Ranse [20] | 8.4/1000 h 4.0% | 596/14 777 participants Male: 3.8% Female: 5.7% | Bony (fractures): 12 Muscle/ligament: 66 Head/Neck (Concussion): 3 Skin: 359 | Limb: 60.0% Head, neck, face: 10.2% Trunk: 2.7% Back: 0.5% Joint: 0.3% Foreign body: 6.5% Eye: 0.9% Multiple injuries: 15.1% Review of injury: 3.7% | Not reported as specific categories 0.5/1000 h were race-ending | Meteorological factors assessed Higher ambient temperature increased risk |