Table 3 Tracking technology and acceleration/deceleration characteristics of each included study

Akenhead et al. [32]

Soccer

GPS

Catapult Sports

MinimaxX

S4

10 Hz

0.9 ± 0.1

12 ± 1

Acc

Dec

Smoothing

Filter 0.5 s

0.5 s

Low: 1–2

Moderate:

2–3

High: > 3

Total:

> 1

Distance

(m)

Distance attained in respective threshold band.

Acc/dec also pooled at 1 and 3 m s⁻²

Akenhead et al. [33]

Soccer

GPS

Catapult Sports

MinimaxX

10 Hz

0.8 ± 0.1

13 ± 1

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

Low: 1–2

Moderate:

2–3

High: > 3

Total:

> 1

Acc & Dec Distance (m)

Threshold-based sum of acc/dec distances

Akiyama et al. [34]

Lacrosse

GPS

Polar Electro

Polar Team Pro

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

Low:

0–1.99

Moderate:

2.0–3.99

High:

>  4

Counts

(n)

Efforts in respective threshold band

Altavilla et al. [35]

Soccer

GPS

K-Sport

N/S

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

High:

> 2

Distance

(m)

Distance attained in respective threshold band

Aughey

[36]

Australian Football

GPS

Catapult Sports

MinimaxX

Team Sport

2.0

5 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

N/S

0.4 s

Maximal:

> 2.78

Counts

(n)

Counts per minute (n/min⁻²)

At least two consecutive efforts at same rate of change in velocity (0.4 s) respective threshold band

Aughey

[37]

Australian Football

GPS

Catapult Sports

MinimaxX

Team Sport

2.0

5 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

N/S

0.4 s

Maximal:

> 2.78

Counts

(n)

Counts per minute (n/min⁻²)

At least two consecutive efforts at same rate of change in velocity (0.4 s) respective threshold.

Efforts with respect to activity time

Aughey

[38]

Australian Football

GPS

Catapult Sports

MinimaxX

Team Sport

2.0

5 Hz

1.5 ± 0.9

7.5 ± 1.2

Acc

N/S

N/S

Maximal:

> 2.78

Counts

(n)

Counts per minute

(n/min⁻²)

Efforts with respect to activity time

Aughey

[39]

Australian Football

GPS

Catapult Sports

MinimaxX

Team Sport

2.0

5 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

N/S

0.4 s

Maximal:

> 2.78

Counts

(n)

Counts per minute

(n/min⁻²)

At least two consecutive efforts at same rate of change in velocity (0.4 s) respective threshold band.

Efforts with respect to activity time

Bauer et al.

[40]

Australian Football

GPS

Catapult Sports

MinimaxX

v4.0

10 Hz

1.8 ± 0.4

N/S

Acc

N/S

N/S

Low:

0–2.77

Hard:

≥ 2.78

Counts

(n)

Distance

(m)

Efforts in respective threshold band.

Distance attained in respective threshold band.

Bayliff et al.

[41]

American Football

GPS

Catapult Sports

Optimeye

S5

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

Band 1:

0–1

Band 2:

1–2

Band 3:

2–3

Band 4:

3–10

Distance

(m)

Metres attained in respective threshold band

Blair et al. [42]

Rugby Sevens

GPS

GPSports

SPI Pro 10

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

Low:

1.5–2.5

High:

> 2.5-3.6

Counts

(n)

Efforts in respective threshold band

Bowen et al. [43]

Soccer

GPS

Optical

STATSports

ChyronHego

Viper 2

TRACAB

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

0.5 s

All:

> 0.5

Counts

(n)

Efforts in respective threshold band lasting at least 0.5 s and

> 0.5 m s⁻²

Bradley et al. [44]

Soccer

Optical

ProZone Sports

ProZone Version 3.0

N/A

N/A

N/A

Acc

N/S

N/S

Medium: > 2.5-4

High:

> 4

Counts

(n)

Efforts in respective threshold band

Brooks et al. [45]

Netball

LPS

Catapult Sports

Catapult T6

ClearSky

10 Hz

N/A

N/A

Acc

Dec

N/S

0.2 s

Z1:

0–2

Z2:

2–3.5

Z3:

3.5–6

Z4:

6–10

Acceleration Density: (Average Acc/Dec)

(m s⁻²)

Acceleration Density Index:

(avg Acc/Dec per

10 m; m s^− 2)

Total Acceleration Load:

(total Acc/Dec;

m s^− 2)

Distance

(m)

Average acc

values across the specified period

Average acc performed per 10 m of distance

(Acc Load/Distance)

Sum of acc values across the analysed period (acc values were calculated at 0.2 s intervals)

Distance attained in respective threshold

Campos-Vazquez et al. [46]

Soccer

GPS

Catapult Sports

MinimaxX

S4

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

Moderate:

2–3

High: > 3

Distance per hour

(m h⁻¹)

Distance attained in respective threshold

Chesher et al. [47]

Field Hockey

GPS

Catapult Sports

MinimaxX

S4

10 Hz

0.88 ± 0.03

11 ± 0.59

Dec

N/S

N/S

Low:

− 3–−5.99

Medium:

-6–− 8.99

High:

− 9–− 11.99

Very high:

<− 12

Counts

(n)

Average Deceleration

(m s⁻²)

Efforts in respective threshold band.

Mean Dec in each competitive match

Clemente et al. [48]

Soccer

GPS

JOHAN Sports

N/S

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

High:

> 3

Counts

(n)

Efforts in respective threshold band

Couderc

et al.

[49]

Rugby Sevens

GPS

Digital

Simulation

Sensor

Everywhere

8 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Butterworth low pass

2^nd order

Cut-off frequency:

1 Hz

Double phase lag filter

0.5 s

High:

> 2.5

Counts

(n)

Efforts in respective threshold band

Coutts et al. [50]

Australian Football

GPS

Catapult Sports

MinimaxX Team Sport 2.5

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

0.2 s

> 2.78

Counts

(n)

Two consecutive samples exceeding 2.78 m s⁻²

Cummins et al. [51]

Rugby League

GPS

GPSports

SPI Pro X

15 Hz^a

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

Butterworth 4^th order

Cut-off frequency:

1 Hz

N/S

Moderate:

< 1.12

High: 1.13–2.78

Very high:

> 2.78

Counts per minute

(n/min⁻²)

Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time

Cummins et al. [52]

Rugby League

GPS

Catapult Sports

Optimeye

S5

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

All:

> 1.5

Counts

(n)

Efforts in respective threshold band

Cummins et al. [53]

Rugby League

GPS

GPSports

SPI Pro X

15 Hz^a

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

Butterworth 4^th Order

Cut-off frequency:

1 Hz

N/S

Moderate:

< 1.12

High:

1.13–2.78

Very high: > 2.78

Counts

(n)

Efforts in respective threshold band

Cunningham et al. [54]

Rugby Union

GPS

STATSports

Viper

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

Moderate:

2–3

High:

3–4

Severe:

> 4

Counts

(n)

Efforts in respective threshold band

Cunningham

et al. [55]

Rugby Union

GPS

STATSports

Viper

10 Hz

N/S

4 Best Satellites

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

Moderate:

2–3

High intensity:

3–4

Severe:

> 4

Counts

(n)

Efforts in respective threshold band

Dalen et al.

[56]

Soccer

Radio Freq.

Tracking

ZXY Sport Tracking

RadioEye Sensors

20 Hz

N/A

N/A

Acc

N/S

0.5 s

All:

> 2

Counts per minute

(n/min⁻²)

Efforts lasting for at 0.5 s in respective threshold band.

Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time

Dalen et al.

[57]

Soccer

Radio Freq.

Tracking

ZXY Sport Tracking

RadioEye Sensors

20 Hz

N/A

N/A

Acc

Dec

N/S

0.5 s

All:

> 2

Counts (n)

Distance (m)

Efforts lasting for at 0.5 s in respective threshold band

de Hoyo et al. [17]

Soccer

GPS

GPSports

SPI Elite

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

Moderate:

2–3

High:

> 3

Counts

(n)

Efforts in respective threshold band

Delaney et al. [7]

Rugby League

GPS

GPSports

SPI HPU

5 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

Low:

1

Moderate:

2

High:

> 3

Counts

(n)

Time

(s)

Distance

(m)

Average Acc

(m s⁻²)

Average Dec

(m s^− 2)

Average Acc/Dec

(m s^− 2)

Efforts, time and/or distance in respective threshold band.

Absolute values of acc averaged over given analysis period.

Absolute values of dec averaged over given analysis period.

Absolute values of acc/dec averaged over given analysis period

Delaney et al. [9]

Rugby League

GPS

GPSports

SPI HPU

15 Hz^a

1.1 ± 0.1

8.3 ± 1.4

Acc

Dec

Butterworth 4^th Order

Cut-off frequency:

1 Hz

N/S

N/A

Average Acc (m s⁻²) / min

Absolute values of acc/dec averaged over given analysis period

Delaney et al. [10]

Australian Football

GPS

Catapult Sports

Optimeye S5

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

N/A

Average Acc (m s⁻²) / min

Absolute values of acc/dec averaged over given analysis period

Delaney et al. [11]

Rugby Union

GPS

GPSports

SPI HPU

15 Hz^a

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

N/A

Average Acc (m s⁻²) / min

Absolute values of acc/dec averaged over given analysis period

Delaney et al. [6]

Soccer

GPS

Catapult Sports

Optimeye S5

10 Hz

0.86 ± 0.28

10.6 ± 1.7

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

N/A

Average Acc (m s⁻²) / min

Absolute values of acc/dec averaged over given analysis period

Delves et al. [58]

Field Hockey

GPS

Catapult Sports

Optimeye X4

MinimaxX S4

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

N/A

Average Acc (m s⁻²) / min

Average Acc

(m s⁻²)

Absolute values of acc/dec averaged over given analysis period

Dempsey et al. [59]

Rugby League

GPS

GPSports

SPI Pro X

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

High: > 3.0

Counts

(n)

Counts per minute

(n/min⁻²)

Efforts in respective threshold band.

Efforts calculated in absolute terms with respect to activity time and threshold

Dubois et al. [60]

Rugby Union

GPS

GPSports

SPI HPU

15 Hz^a

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

All:

> 2.5

Counts

(n)

Efforts in respective threshold band

Duthie et al. [61]

Field Hockey

GPS

Catapult Sports

Optimeye X4

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

N/A

Average Acc (m s⁻²) / min

Absolute values of acc/dec averaged over given analysis period

Figueiredo

et al.

[62]

Soccer

GPS

STATSports

Viper Pod

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

N/S

Counts

(n)

Efforts in respective threshold band

Furlan et al. [63]

Rugby Sevens

GPS

GPSports

SPI HPU

5 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

Butterworth 4^th Order

Cut-off frequency:

1 Hz

N/S

Moderate:

2–3

High:

.1–4

Very high:

> 4

Counts per minute

(n/min⁻²)

Acc/Dec counts derived from filtered 15 Hz data.

Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time

Gabbett

[64]

Rugby League

GPS

Catapult Sports

MinimaxX

5 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

N/S

N/S

Mild:

0.55–1.11

Moderate: 1.12–2.78

Maximal: > 2.79

Counts

(n)

Efforts in respective threshold band

Gabbett

[65]

Field Hockey

GPS

Catapult Sports

MinimaxX

5 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

N/S

2 s

High:

> 0.5

Counts

(n)

Efforts in respective threshold band lasting at least 2 s

Gabbett

[66]

Rugby League

GPS

Catapult Sports

MinimaxX

Team Sport

2.5

5 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

N/S

N/S

Maximal:

> 2.79

Counts

(n)

Counts per minute

(n/min⁻²)

Efforts in respective threshold band.

Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time

Gabbett et al.

[67]

Rugby League

GPS

Catapult Sports

MinimaxX

5 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

N/S

N/S

Mild:

0.55–1.11

Moderate: 1.12–2.78

Maximal: > 2.79

Distance

(m)

Distance in respective threshold band

Gabbett & Ullah

[68]

Rugby League

GPS

Catapult Sports

MinimaxX

5 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

N/S

N/S

Mild:

0.55–1.11

Moderate: 1.12–2.78

Maximal: > 2.79

Distance

(m)

Distance in respective threshold band

Garvican

et al.

[69]

Soccer

GPS

Catapult Sports

MinimaxX

Team Sport

4.0

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

N/S

N/S

Maximal:

> 2.78

Counts

(n)

Counts per minute

(n/min⁻²)

Efforts in respective threshold band.

Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time

Gaudino et al. [70]

Soccer

GPS

GPSports

SPI Pro X

15 Hz^a

N/S

Range:

8-11 Satellites

Acc

Dec

N/S

1 s

Moderate:

2–3

High:

> 3

Counts

(n)

Maximum Acc/Dec

(m s⁻²)

Efforts in respective threshold band lasting for at least 1 s.

Maximum acc & dec effort in analysed period.

Gaudino et al. [71]

Soccer

GPS

STATSports

Viper

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

0.5 s

Total:

> 3

Counts

(n)

Counts per minute

(n/min⁻²)

Efforts in respective threshold band lasting for at least 0.5 s and of magnitude > 0.5 m s^− 2

Hauer et al. [72]

Lacrosse

GPS

Polar Electro

Polar Team Pro

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

Z1: 0–1.0

Z2: 1.0–2.0

Z3: 2.0–3.0

Z4: > 3.0

Counts (n)

Efforts in respective threshold band

Higham et al. [73]

Rugby Sevens

GPS

Catapult Sports

MinimaxX Team Sport 2.5

5 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

0.4 s

Moderate: 2 – 4 High: > 4

Counts per minute (n/min^− 2)

Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time

Higham et al. [74]

Rugby Sevens

GPS

GPSports

SPI Pro X

15 Hz^a

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

1 s

Total: > 1

Counts per minute (n/min⁻² )

Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time lasting at least 1 s.

Hoppe et al. [75]

Soccer

GPS

Catapult Sports

MinimaxX S4

10 Hz

1.1 ± 0.1

11.8 ± 0.5

Acc

Dec

Butterworth 2 Passes Cut-off: 1 Hz

N/S

High:> 3

Time (s)

Time spent in respective threshold band

Ihsan et al. [76]

Field Hockey

GPS

Catapult Sports

MinimaxX Team Sport 2.5

5 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

High: > 2

Counts (n)

Efforts in respective threshold band

Ingebrigtsen

et al. [77]

Soccer

Radio Tracking

ZXY SportTracking

ZXY Sport

Chip

40 Hz

N/A

N/A

Acc

N/S

0.5 s

Total:

> 2

Counts

(n)

1) The start of Acc is marked by the Acc reaching the minimum limit (1 m s).

2) Acc has to reach 2 m s.

3) Acc must remain above the 2 m s for at least 0.5 s.

4) The duration of the Acc lasts until it passes the minimum Acc limit (1 m s)

Jackson et al. [78]

Field Hockey

GPS

Catapult Sports

MinimaxX S4

Optimeye S5

10 Hz

MinimaxX:

(0.89 [0.04])

Optimeye S5:

(0.67 [0.05])

N/S

Acc

Dec

Smoothing Filter

0.2 s–Calc

0.6 s– Minimum effort duration

Total:

> 1.46

Maximum count per athlete

Counts

(n)

Maximum Acc/Dec

(m s⁻²)

Efforts in respective threshold band.

Max Acc/Dec recorded

Jaspers et al.

[79]

Soccer

GPS

Catapult Sports

Optimeye

S5

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

Z1:

0–1

Z2:

1–2

Z3:

2–3.5

Z4:

> 3.5

Counts

(n)

Distance

(m)

Efforts in respective threshold band.

Distance attained in respective threshold band

Jaspers et al.

[80]

Soccer

GPS

Catapult Sports

Optimeye S5

MinimaxX S4

10 Hz

< 1.5

≥8 satellites

Acc

Dec

Smoothing Filter

0.2 s

0.4 s

Total:

> 1

Counts

(n)

Efforts in respective threshold band

Johnston et al. [81]

Rugby League

GPS

STATSports

Apex

10 Hz

0.76 ± 0.25

17.7 ± 1.9

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

N/A

Average Acc (m s⁻²) / min

Absolute values of acc/dec averaged over given analysis period

Johnston et al. [82]

Australian Football

Rugby League

GPS

AF:

Catapult Sports

RL:

STATSports

AF:

Optimeye

S5

RL:

Apex

10 Hz

AFL:

0.69 ± 0.09

NRL:

0.76 ± 0.25

AFL:

10.5 ± 0.65

NRL:

17.7 ± 1.90

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

N/A

Average Acc (m s⁻²) / min

Absolute values of acc/dec averaged over given analysis period

Johnston et al. [83]

Rugby League

GPS

Catapult Sports

Optimeye

S5

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

N/A

Average Acc (m s⁻²) / min

Absolute values of acc/dec averaged over given analysis period

Johnston et al. [84]

Australian Football

GPS

Catapult Sports

MinimaxX

S3

MinimaxX

S4

S3:

5 Hz

S4:

10 Hz

1.0 ± 0.3

12.2 ± 0.7

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

Low:

0.65–1.46

Moderate: 1.47–2.77

High:

> 2.78

Counts per minute

(n/min⁻²)

Distance per minute

(m/min)

Time

(%)

Efforts calculated in absolute terms with respect to activity time and threshold.

Distance in respective threshold band with respect to activity time and threshold.

Time spent as a percentage in respective threshold band

Johnston et al. [85]

Australian Football

GPS

Catapult Sports

MinimaxX

S3

MinimaxX S4

5 Hz

10 Hz

1.0 ± 0.2

12.1 ± 0.7

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

Low:

0.65–1.46

Moderate: 1.47–2.77

High:

> 2.78

Counts per minute (n/min⁻²)

Distance per minute

(m/min⁻²)

Time

(%. min⁻²)

Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time and threshold.

Distance attained in respective threshold band with respect to activity time and threshold.

Percentage time spent in respective threshold band with respect to activity time

Johnston et al. [86]

Australian Football

GPS

Catapult Sports

MinimaxX

S3

MinimaxX S4

5 Hz

10 Hz

1.0 ± 0.1

12.2 ± 0.6

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

Low:

0.65–1.46

Moderate: 1.47–2.77

High:

> 2.78

Counts per minute

(n/min⁻²)

Distance per minute

(m/min⁻²)

Time

(%. min⁻²)

Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time.

Distance attained in respective threshold band with respect to activity time.

Percentage time spent in respective threshold band with respect to activity time

Jones et al. [87]

Rugby Union

GPS

Catapult Sports

MinimaxX

V4

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

Low:

1–2

Moderate:

2–3

High:

> 3

Distance

(m)

Metres attained in respective threshold band

Kempton & Coutts [88]

Rugby League Nines

GPS

GPSports

SPI Pro X

15 Hz^a

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

Total:

> 2.78

Counts

(n)

Counts per minute (n/min⁻²)

Efforts in respective threshold band.

Efforts calculated in absolute terms with respect to activity time and threshold

Kempton et al. [89]

Rugby League

GPS

GPSports

SPI Pro X

15 Hz^a

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

Total:

>  2.78

Counts

(n)

Counts per minute

(n/min⁻²)

Efforts in respective threshold band.

Efforts calculated in absolute terms with respect to activity time and threshold

Kempton et al. [90]

Rugby League

GPS

GPSports

SPI Pro

5 Hz

N/S

9.1 ± 1.4

Acc

Dec

N/S

0.4 s

Total:

> 2.78

Counts

(n)

Two consecutive samples exceeding 2.78 m s⁻²

Lacome et al. [91]

Rugby Union

PC-based tracking

Sport Universal Process

Amisco Pro

10 Hz

Velocity

N/A

N/A

Acc

Butterworth low pass

2^nd order

cut-off frequency:

1 Hz

Double phase-lag filter

0.5 s

Z1:

1–2

Z2:

2–3

Z3:

> 3

Mean acceleration

(m s⁻²)

Values of acc averaged over given analysis period.

Distribution of acc values over given analysis period with respect to thresholds

Malone et al.

[92]

Soccer

GPS

Catapult Sports

Optimeye

G5

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

High:

> 3

Counts

(n)

Efforts in respective threshold band

Mara et al.

[93]

Soccer

GPS

GPSports

N/S

15 Hz^a

N/S

5-8 Satellites

Acc

N/S

N/S

Efforts:

> 2

Time

(s)

Distance

(m)

Max distance

(m)

Max

acceleration

(m s⁻²)

Repeat acceleration

Average time spent in acc in analysed period.

Average distance accumulated in analysed period.

Average max distance accumulated in analysed period.

Max acc effort in analysed period

Acc efforts performed with < 21 s separation

Mara et al.

[94]

Soccer

GPS

GPSports

SPI HPU

15 Hz^a

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

High:

> 2

Counts

(n)

Efforts in respective threshold band

Marrier et al.

[95]

Rugby Sevens

GPS

Digital Simulation

Sensor

Everywhere

V2

16 Hz

<  2

7 [1]

Acc

N/S

0.5 s

All:

> 2.5

Counts (n)

Efforts in respective threshold band lasting for at least 0.5 s

Martin-Garcia et al.

[96]

Soccer

GPS

STATSports

Viper

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

High:

> 3

Counts

(n)

Efforts in respective threshold band

Martin-Garcia et al.

[97]

Soccer

GPS

STATSports

Viper

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

0.5 s

High:

> 3

Counts

(n)

Efforts in threshold band lasting for at least 0.5 s and of magnitude >  0.5 m s⁻²

Martin-Garcia

et al.

[98]

Soccer

GPS

STATSports

Viper

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

High:

> 3

Counts

(n)

Efforts in respective threshold band

Modric et al.

[99]

Soccer

GPS

Catapult Sports

Optimeye S5

Optimeye X4

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

Total events:

> 0.5

High:

> 3

Counts

(n)

Efforts in respective threshold band

Montgomery & Maloney

[100]

3 × 3

Basketball

GPS

Catapult Sports

Optimeye

S5

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

Low:

< 2.5

Medium:

2.5–3.5

High:

> 3.5

Intensity

(m s⁻²)

Average intensity in respective threshold band.

Morencos et al. [101]

Field Hockey

GPS

GPSports

SPI Elite

10 Hz

N/S

10.6 ± 1.2

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

Low:

1–1.99

Moderate:

2.0–2.99

High:

> 3

Counts

(n)

Counts per minute

(n/min⁻²)

Efforts in respective threshold band.

Efforts calculated in absolute terms with respect to activity time and threshold

Morencos et al. [102]

Field Hockey

GPS

GPSports

SPI Elite

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

Low:

1.0–1.9

Moderate:

2.0–2.9

High:

> 3.0

Counts

(n)

Counts per minute (n/min⁻²)

Efforts in respective threshold band.

Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time

Murray & Varley [103]

Rugby Sevens

GPS

Catapult Sports

MinimaxX

S4

10 Hz

N/S

11.3 ± 1.4

Acc

N/S

0.4 s

Maximal:

> 2.78

Counts

(n)

Counts per minute

(n/min⁻²)

Efforts in respective threshold band lasting at least 0.4 s.

Efforts calculated in absolute terms with respect to activity time and threshold lasting at least 0.4 s

Newans et al. [104]

Soccer

GPS

Catapult Sports

Optimeye S5

Optimeye X4

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

0.5 s

Moderate:

1–2

High:

> 2

Time

(s)

Ratio of

Dec: Acc

Time spent in each respective threshold lasting at least 0.5 s.

Duration of Dec (High) and Dec (Mod)

divided by total Acc time (High + Mod) in each period.

Determined a moderate and high

Dec:Acc ratio

Owen et al.

[105]

Soccer

GPS

STATSports

Viper Pod

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

Total:

> 3.3

Counts

(n)

Efforts in respective threshold band

Owen et al. [106]

Rugby Union

GPS

GPSports

SPI HPU

15 Hz^a

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

Light:

1–1.99

Moderate:

2.0–2.99

Heavy:

3–5.99

Counts

(n)

Efforts in respective threshold band

Oxendale et al. [107]

Rugby League

GPS

Catapult Sports

MinimaxX Team Sport 2.5

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

Maximal:

> 2.79

Counts

(n)

Efforts in respective threshold band

Palmer et al.

[108]

Ultimate Frisbee

GPS

Catapult Sports

Optimeye X4

10 Hz

0.90 ± 0.10

13.7 ± 0.5

Acc

Proprietary Filter

0.6 s

Total:

> 1.5

Counts

(n)

Counts per minute

(n/min⁻²)

Efforts in respective threshold band lasting for at least 0.6 s and with respect to time

Passos Ramos et al.

[109]

Soccer

GPS

Catapult Sports

MinimaxX

Team S5

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

1:

− 1–1

2:

1–2.5

3:

> 2.5

Counts

(n)

Counts per minute (n/min⁻²)

Efforts in respective threshold band and with respect to time

Passos Ramos

et al.

[110]

Soccer

GPS

Catapult Sports

MinimaxX

Team S5

10 Hz

0.75 ± 0.3

12.4 ± 0.5

Acc

Dec

Exponential Filter

(Derived from GPS Software)

0.5 s

Total:

> 1

Counts (n)

Efforts in respective threshold band

Passos Ramos

et al.

[111]

Soccer

GPS

Catapult Sports

MinimaxX

Team S5

10 Hz

0.75 ± 0.3

15.5 ± 0.5

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

Total: > 2

Counts (n)

Efforts in respective threshold band

Peeters et al. [112]

Rugby Sevens

GPS

Digital Simulation

Sensor

Everywhere

16 Hz

1.35 ± 0.34

8 ± 1

Acc

N/S

N/S

Total: > 2.5

Counts

(n)

Counts per minute (n/min⁻²)

Efforts in respective threshold band.

Efforts calculated in absolute terms with respect to activity time

Polgaze et al. [113]

Field Hockey

GPS

Catapult Sports

MinimaxX

S4

10 Hz

1.00 ± 0.07

11.6 ± 0.5

Acc

Proprietary Filter

0.6 s

Low:

< 2.0

High:

> 2.0

Counts

(n)

Counts per minute

(n/min⁻²)

Time

(s)

Distance

(m)

Eligible Acc was determined once a participant changed speed by 2 m s for a minimum within 0.6 s.

Efforts in respective threshold band.

Efforts calculated in absolute terms with respect to activity time and threshold

Time spent in respective threshold band.

Distance attained in respective threshold band

Pollard et al.

[114]

Rugby Union

GPS

STATSports

Viper

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

N/S

N/S

Total:

> 3

Counts per minute

(n/min⁻²)

Efforts in respective threshold band.

Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time

Polley et al. [115]

Lacrosse

GPS

Catapult Sports

MinimaxX

S4

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

Low:

0–1.11

Moderate: 1.11–2.78

High:

≥ 2.78

Counts per minute

(n/min⁻²)

Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time

Portillo et al.

[116]

Rugby Sevens

GPS

GPSports

SPI Pro X

15 Hz^a

 N/S

N/S

Acc

N/S

N/S

Z1:

> 1.5

Z2:

> 2.0

Z3:

> 2.5

Z4:

> 2.75

Counts

(n)

Efforts in respective threshold band

Rennie et al.

[117]

Australian Football

GPS

Catapult Sports

Optimeye S5

10 Hz

1.1 ± 0.1

18.2 ± 1.1

Acc

Dec

N/S

0.2 s

Two Samples

Efforts:

> 2.78

Counts

(n)

Two consecutive samples in respective threshold band

Romero-Moraleda et al.

[118]

Field Hockey

GPS

GPSports

SPI Elite

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

Low:

1–1.9

Moderate:

2–2.9

High: > 3

Counts per minute

(n/min⁻²)

Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time

Russell et al. [119]

Soccer

GPS

STATSports

Viper

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

Total: > 0.5

High:

> 3

Counts

(n)

Efforts in respective threshold band

Russell et al.

[120]

Soccer

GPS

STATSports

Viper

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

0.5 s

Total:

> 0.5

High:

> 3

Counts

(n)

Efforts in respective threshold band

Sangnier et al.

[121]

Soccer

GPS

K-Sport

K-GPS

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

0.4 s (over 3 s threshold)

Distance:

> 2

Counts:

> 3

Counts per minute

(n/min⁻²)

Distance per min (m/min)

Efforts > 0.4 s (over 3 m s⁻² threshold).

Distance in threshold band with respect to activity time

Silva et al.

[122]

Soccer

GPS

STATSports

Viper

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

0.5 s

Z1: > 2

Z2:

> 2.5

Z3:

> 3

Counts

(n)

Counts per minute (n/min⁻²)

Efforts in respective threshold band lasting at least 0.5 s of magnitude >  0.5 m s⁻²

Smpokos et al.

[123]

Soccer

GPS

STATSports

Viper Pod 2

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

0.5 s

Total:

> 2

Counts (n) and counts per minute (n/min⁻²)

Efforts in respective threshold band lasting at least 0.5 s of magnitude >  0.5 m s⁻²

Smpokos et al. [124]

Soccer

GPS

STATSports

Viper Pod 2

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

0.5 s

Total:

> 2

Counts (n) and counts per minute (n/min⁻²)

Efforts in respective threshold band lasting at least 0.5 s of magnitude >  0.5 m s⁻²

Stevens et al.

[125]

Soccer

LPS

Inmotio

Inmotio LPS

24 Hz

N/A

N/A

Acc

Weighted Gaussian

Average

N/S

> 2

Distance

(m)

Distance in respective threshold band

Stevens et al.

[126]

Soccer

LPS

Inmotio LPS

Inmotio LPS

31 Hz

N/A

N/A

Acc

Dec

Weighted Gaussian

Average

0.5 s

Medium: > 1.5

High: > 3

Counts

(n)

Efforts in respective threshold band

Suarez-Arrones

et al. [127]

Rugby Sevens

GPS

GPSports

SPI Pro X

15 Hz^a

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

1 s

Maximal:

2.78–4

Extremely high:

> 4

Counts

(n)

1-s at

> 2.78 m s⁻²

or above

Suarez-Arrones et al. [128]

Rugby Union

GPS

GPSports

SPI Pro X

15 Hz^a

N/S

N/S

Acc

N/S

N/S

Maximal:

> 2.78

Counts

(n)

Efforts in respective threshold band

Sullivan et al.

[129]

Australian Football

GPS

Catapult Sports

MinimaxX Team Sport 2.5

10 Hz

1.25 ± 0.19

N/S

Acc

N/S

N/S

One Threshold:

0–4

Counts per minute

(n/min⁻²)

Efforts with respect to activity time

Sullivan et al.

[130]

Australian Football

GPS

Catapult Sports

MinimaxX Team Sport 2.5

10 Hz

1.25 ± 0.19

N/S

Acc

N/S

N/S

One Threshold:

0–4

Counts per minute

(n/min⁻²)

Efforts with respect to activity time

Sweeting et al.

[131]

Netball

Radio Tracking System

WASP

WASP Node

10 Hz

N/A

N/A

Acc

Kalman Filter

N/S

N/A

Intensity-based clusters

(m s⁻²)

Acceleration calculated from velocity data.

Tee et al.

[132]

Rugby Union

GPS

GPSports

SPI Pro

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

N/S

N/S

Efforts:

> 2.75

Minutes per Accel

(n/min)

Efforts with respect to activity time

Tee et al.

[133]

Rugby Union

GPS

GPSports

SPI Pro

5 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

N/S

1 s

Maximal:

> 2.75

Minutes per Accel

(n/min)

Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time

Tee et al. [134]

Rugby Union

GPS

GPSports

SPI Pro

5 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

N/S

N/S

Total:

> 2.75

Minutes per Accel (n/min)

Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time

Thornton et al.

[135]

Rugby League

GPS

GPSports

SPI HPU

15 Hz^a

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

N/A

Acc/Dec Load

(AU)

Average absolute value of all acc/dec data relative to a defined period.

Absolute value multiplied by defined duration to convert to load metric

Varley & Aughey [136]

Soccer

GPS

GPSports

SPI Pro

5 Hz

N/S

8 ± 1

Acc

N/S

N/S

Maximal:

> 2.78

Counts

(n)

Efforts in respective threshold band

Varley et al. [137]

Soccer

Rugby League

Australian Football

GPS

AF & RL:

Catapult Sports

Soccer:

GPSports

AF & RL:

MinimaxX

Team Sport

2.5

Soccer:

SPI Pro

5 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

N/S

N/S

Maximal:

> 2.78

Counts

(n)

Counts per minute

(n/min⁻²)

Efforts in respective threshold band.

Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time

Vazquez-Guerrero et al.

[138]

Basketball

LPS

Realtrack Systems

WIMU

Pro

20 Hz

N/A

N/A

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

Total Acc:

All counts

High intensity:

> 2

Peak acceleration

(m s⁻²)

Counts

(n)

Counts per minute

(n/min⁻²)

Highest acc value obtained during analysed period.

Efforts in respective threshold band.

Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time

Vescovi & Frayne [139]

Field Hockey

GPS

GPSports

SPI Pro

5 Hz

Values

< 4

8–12 Satellites connected during collection

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

All events

Counts

(n)

Efforts in respective threshold band

Vigh-Larsen

et al.

[140]

Soccer

Radio Tracking System

Chryon-Hego

ZXY

Tracking System

20 Hz

N/A

N/A

Acc

Dec

N/S

0.5 s

Total: > 2

Counts

(n)

Counts per minute (n/min⁻²)

Efforts lasting at least 0.5 s and reaching at least 1 m s⁻²

Efforts lasting for at least 0.5 s and reaching at least 1 m s⁻².

Wehbe et al. [141]

Soccer

GPS

GPSports

SPI Pro

5 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

0.5 s

Medium:

2.5–4

High:

> 4

Counts

(n)

Efforts in respective threshold band lasting at least 0.5 s

Wellman et al.

[142]

American Football

GPS

Catapult Sports

MinimaxX

S5

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

Low: 0–1.0

Medium:

1.1–2.0

High:

2.1–3.0

Maximal: > 3.0

Distance

(m)

Distance attained in respective threshold band

Wellman et al. [143]

American Football

GPS

Catapult Sports

Optimeye

S5

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

Low:

0–1.0

Medium:

1.1–2.0

High:

2.1–3

Maximal:

>− 3

Distance

(m)

Distance attained in respective threshold band

Wellman et al. [13]

American Football

GPS

GPSports

SPI HPU

15 Hz^a

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

Moderate: 1.5–2.5

High:

2.6–3.5

Maximal:

>  3.5

Counts

(n)

Efforts in respective threshold band

White & MacFarlane

[144]

Field Hockey

GPS

Catapult Sports

MinimaxX

5 Hz

Scotland Analysis:

1.3 ± 0.4

Ukraine Analysis:

1.0 ± 0.4

Scotland Analysis:

12.3 ± 1.0

Ukraine Analysis:

10.3 ± 1.2

Acc

N/S

N/S

High:

> 2

Counts (n)

Efforts in respective threshold band

White & MacFarlane

[145]

Field Hockey

GPS

Catapult Sports

MinimaxX

5 Hz

Scotland Analysis:

1.3 ± 0.4

Ukraine analysis:

1.0 ± 0.4

Scotland Analysis:

12.3 ± 1.0

Ukraine Analysis:

10.3 ± 1.2

Acc

Dec

N/S

1 s

High:

> 2

Counts

(n)

Efforts in respective threshold band lasting for at least 1 s

White & MacFarlane

[146]

Field Hockey

GPS

Catapult Sports

MinimaxX

5 Hz

0.99 ± 0.2

11.2 ± 1.3

Acc

N/S

> 1 s

High intensity:

> 3

Counts

(n)

Efforts in respective threshold band lasting at least 0.5 s

Yamamoto et al. [147]

Rugby Union

GPS

GPSports

SPI Pro X

5 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

N/S

N/S

AZ1:

1.5–2.0

AZ2:

2–2.5

AZ3:

> 2.5

Counts

(n)

Efforts in respective threshold band

Young et al.

[148]

Hurling

GPS

STATSports

Viper Pod

10 Hz

N/S

N/S

Acc

Dec

N/S

N/S

Total:

> 2

Counts

(n)

Efforts in respective threshold band