Psychological Effects of Whole-body Electromyostimulation Training: a Controlled Pilot Study in Healthy Volunteers

Keicher, Christian; Pyrkosch, Lena; Wolfarth, Bernd; Ströhle, Andreas

doi:10.1186/s40798-021-00325-7

Table 2 Repeated measures analyses of variance for different outcome criteria

From: Psychological Effects of Whole-body Electromyostimulation Training: a Controlled Pilot Study in Healthy Volunteers

Clinical scale	Effect	Group	N	Pre *M(SD)*	Post *M(SD)*	∆ *M(SD)*^a	*F(df)*	p	f
Subjective well-being	Treatment	EMS	25	64.12 (22.43)	84.28 (13.29)	20.16 (16.75)	7.85 (1.23)	.01*	0.58**
	Treatment	SHAM	25	66.68 (28.21)	74.80 (23.12)	8.12 (18.52)
	Sequence	EMS–SHAM	12				1.86 (1.23)	.19	0.28*
	Sequence	SHAM–EMS	13
	Treatment * sequence						0.24 (1.23)	.63	0.10
Subjective relaxation	Treatment	EMS	25	64.12 (20.95)	79.04 (15.60)	14.92 (19.63)	5.10 (1.23)	.03*	0.47**
	Treatment	SHAM	25	64.56 (27.´´35)	70.60 (24.97)	6.04 (12.62)
	Sequence	EMS–SHAM	12				0.22 (1.23)	.65	0.10
	Sequence	SHAM–EMS	13
	Treatment * sequence						1.75 (1.23)	.20	0.28*
MDBF awake–tired	Treatment	EMS	25	12.60 (3.98)	17.16 (1.80)	4.56 (4.02)	25.75 (1.23)	<.001***	1.06**
	Treatment	SHAM	25	14.80 (3.00)	14.88 (2.11)	0.08 (2.90)
	Sequence	EMS–SHAM	12				1.84 (1.23)	.19	0.28*
	Sequence	SHAM–EMS	13
	Treatment * sequence						0.50 (1.23)	.49	0.15
MDBF good–bad	Treatment	EMS	25	16.04 (2.44)	17.60 (1.78)	1.56 (2.99)	0.40 (1.23)	.53	0.13
	Treatment	SHAM	25	15.76 (2.79)	16.96 (2.19)	1.20 (1.91)
	Sequence	EMS–SHAM	12				1.07 (1.23)	.31	0.22
	Sequence	SHAM–EMS	13
	Treatment * sequence						2.60 (1.23)	.12	0.34*
MDBF calm–nervous	Treatment	EMS	25	14.84 (2.62)	16.80 (2.21)	1.96 (2.96)	2.45 (1.23)	.13	0.33*
	Treatment	SHAM	25	14.72 (3.34)	15.80 (2.99)	1.08 (1.75)
	Sequence	EMS–SHAM	12				0.74 (1.23)	.40	0.18
	Sequence	SHAM–EMS	13
	Treatment * sequence						0.81 (1.23)	.38	0.19
RESTQEBF	Treatment	EMS	25	5.88 (1.32)	5.89 (1.42)	0.01 (1.08)	0.19 (1.23)	.66	0.09
	Treatment	SHAM	25	5.84 (1.54)	5.78 (1.40)	-0.06 (0.73)
	Sequence	EMS–SHAM	12				0.46 (1.23)	.50	0.14
	Sequence	SHAM–EMS	13
	Treatment * sequence						3.20 (1.23)	.08	0.37*

Abbreviations: EMS electromyostimulation, Sham control training (without the application of electrical impulses), MDBF Multidimensional Mood State Questionnaires, RESTQEBF Recovery–Stress Questionnaires/Erholungs-Belastungs-Fragebögen, N number of subjects, Pre M(SD) pre-treatment mean (standard deviation), Post M(SD) post-treatment mean (standard deviation), F(df) F test (degrees of freedom), p p value, f effect size
^a∆ = difference measured between pre- and post-treatment
p < .05: significant*; p < .01: very significant**; p < .001: highly significant***
f = .10: small effect; f = .25: medium effect*; f = .40: large effect**

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