Table 3 Identified study details and findings for modifiable risk factors

Mansell et al. 2005 [55]

Neck strength—No

Soccer

18.26–20.13

n = 36

Male and female

Mihalik et al. 2011 [33]

Neck strength—No

Ice hockey

14.0–16.0

n = 37

Unspecified

Lisman et al. 2012 [54]

Neck strength—no

American football

18.8–24.4

n = 16

Male

Collins et al. 2014 [27]

Neck strength—yes

Neck size—yes

Soccer

Basketball

Lacrosse

Unspecified

n = 6704

(total)

Male and female

Eckner et al. 2014 [52]

Neck strength—yes

Neck size—yes

Soccer, ice hockey, American football, martial arts, wrestling, and lacrosse

10.6–21.3

n = 46

Male and female

Schmidt et al. 2014 [30]

Neck strength—no

Neck size—no

Cervical stiffness—yes

American football

15.7–21.9

n = 49

Unspecified

Hislop et al. 2017 [53]

Pre-activity movement exercise program—yes

Rugby Union

14.8–17.2

n = 3188

Unspecified

Caccese et al. 2018 [50]

Neck size—yes

Neck strength—yes

Soccer

13.6–20.6

n = 100

Male and female

Attwood et al. 2018 [48]

Pre-activity movement exercise program—yes

Rugby Union

19.9–31.1

n = 41 clubs

(participants unknown)

Male

Eckerlsey et al. 2019 51]

Neck strength—no

Simulated baseball, simulated American football

Not applicable

Not applicable

Not applicable

Becker et al. 2019 [49]

Neck strength—no

Soccer

16.7–23.9

n = 33

Male