Table 3 Characteristics of included trials evaluating post-exercise muscle glycogen re-synthesis during short-term recovery (≤ 8 h) with provision of CHO + PRO vs. CHO

van Loon et al. [29]a

8 (8M)

N.S

Cycled to exh: 2-min intervals alternating between 50 and 90% \( \dot{V} \)O_2peak

190

174

Glucose + maltodextrin + wheat protein hydrolysate + leucine + phenylalanine

0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5

0.8

0.8

0.4

5

18.7

Zawadzki et al. [58]

9 (9M)

66.6

Cycled for 2 h alternating between 65 and 85% \( \dot{V} \)O_2peak

233

217

Dextrose + maltodextrin + milk + WPI

0, 2

0.76

0.76

0.27

4

10.2

Yaspelkis and Ivy [57]

12 (12M)

67.2

Cycled for 2 h alternating between 60 and 80% \( \dot{V} \)O_2peak

144

134

Maltodextrin + arginine

0, 1, 2, 3

1.0

1.0

0.08

4

9.5

van Hall et al. [27]a

8 (8M)

N.S

Cycled to exh: 2 min intervals alternating between 50 and 90% \( \dot{V} \)O_2peak

107

74

Glucose + wheat protein hydrolysate

0.25, 1, 2

0.8

0.8

0.3

3

5.8

van Hall et al. [27]b

8 (8M)

N.S

Cycled to exh: 2-min intervals alternating between 50 and 90% \( \dot{V} \)O_2peak

107

108

Glucose + WPH

0.25, 1, 2

0.8

0.8

0.3

3

4.9

Alghannam et al. [52]

6 (5M)

64.0

Ran to exh at 70% \( \dot{V} \)O_2peak

103

100

Sucrose + WPH

0, 1, 2, 3

1.2

0.8

0.4

4

4.3

Beelen et al. [59]

14 (14M)

61.5

Cycled to exh: 2-min intervals alternating between 50 and 90% \( \dot{V} \)O_2peak

172

184

Maltodextrin + glucose + casein hydrolysate + leucine

Every 0.5

1.2

1.2

0.3

6

2.1

Howarth et al. [55]a

6 (6M)

49.3

Cycled for 2 h: 10-min intervals alternating between 50 and 80% \( \dot{V} \)O_2peak

97

64

Maltodextrin + WPC

0, then at 0.25 until 3

1.2

1.2

0.4

4

1.9

Betts et al. [53]

6 (6M)

61.0

Ran for 1.5 h at 70% \( \dot{V} \)O_2peak

203

235

Sucrose + WPI

0, .5, 1. 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5

0.8

0.8

0.3

4

−0.2

Howarth et al. [55]b

6 (6M)

49.3

Cycled for 2 h: 10-min intervals alternating between 50 and 80% \( \dot{V} \)O_2peak

85

64

Maltodextrin + WPC

0, then at 0.25 until 3

1.6

1.2

0.4

4

−0.4

Carrithers et al. [47]

8 (8M)

55.7

Cycled for 1.25 h at 70% \( \dot{V} \)O_2peak; followed by 6 × 1 min sprint at 125% \( \dot{V} \)O_2peak

108

89

Sucrose + fructose + dextrose + mixed AA

0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5

1.0

0.86

0.14

4

−1.3

van Hall et al. [27]c

8 (8M)

N.S

Cycled to exh: 2-min intervals alternating between 50 and 90% \( \dot{V} \)O_2peak

107

80

Glucose + glutamine

0.25, 1, 2

0.8

0.8

0.3

3

−2.0

Cogan et al. [54]a

11 (11M)

61.2

Cycled for 2 h at 70% \( \dot{V} \)O_2peak

136

134

Glucose + maltodextrin + sodium caseinate

0, 2

0.6

0.5

0.08

4

−2.7

Wang et al. [56]b

10 (7M)

50.2

Cycled for 2 h at 70%\( \dot{V} \)O_2peak; followed by 5 × 1 min sprint at 85%\( \dot{V} \)O_2peak

114

146

Dextrose + mixed AA

0, 2

0.6

0.6

0.045

4

−3.7

van Hall et al. [28]b

5 (N.S)

61.0

Cycled to exh: 2 min intervals alternating between 50 and 90% \( \dot{V} \)O_2peak

90

69

Sucrose + WPH

0, and then every 0.25 (until 3.75)^a

1.2

1.2

0.36

4

−4.5

Wang et al. [56]a

10 (7M)

50.2

Cycled for 2 h at 70%\( \dot{V} \)O_2peak; followed by 5 × 1 min sprint at 85% \( \dot{V} \)O_2peak

114

124

Dextrose + mixed AA

0, 2

0.6

0.6

0.09

4

−6.6

Cogan et al. [54]b

11 (11M)

61.2

Cycled for 2 h at 70% \( \dot{V} \)O_2peak

136

107

Glucose + maltodextrin + sodium caseinate hydrolysate

0, 2

0.6

0.5

0.08

4

−7.1

van Loon et al. [29]b

8 (8M)

N.S

Cycled to exh: 2-min intervals alternating between 50 and 90% \( \dot{V} \)O_2peak

138

174

Glucose + maltodextrin + wheat protein hydrolysate + leucine + phenylalanine

0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5

1.2

0.8

0.4

5

−9.6

Jentjens et al. [60]

8 (8M)

63.3

Cycled to exh: 2-min intervals alternating between 50 and 90% \( \dot{V} \)O_2peak

106

176

Glucose + maltodextrin + wheat protein hydrolysate + leucine + phenylalanine

0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5

1.2

1.2

0.4

3

−14.4