The Effect of Consuming Carbohydrate With and Without Protein on the Rate of Muscle Glycogen Re-synthesis During Short-Term Post-exercise Recovery: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Sports Medicine - Open

Table 2 The influence of contextual factors on the mean difference in rate of muscle glycogen re-synthesis (analysed via restricted maximum likelihood, simple meta-regression) for CHO vs. control treatments

Effect estimate	Mean difference (re-synthesis rate mmol·kg dm⁻¹ h⁻¹)
Covariate	Coefficient (95% CI)	p value
Glycogen post-exercise (≤ 150 mmol·kg dm⁻¹ vs. > 150 mmol·kg dm⁻¹)	4.32 (− 7.78 to 16.4)	0.484
Interval of CHO administration ≤ hourly (yes vs. no)	11.0 (1.24 to 20.9)	0.027
Total CHO (g) intake	− 0.00 (− 0.06 to 0.04)	0.665
Relative CHO (g·kg BM⁻¹ h⁻¹) intake	5.00 (− 11.5 to 20.5)	0.553
Met CHO guidelines (yes vs. no)	7.05 (− 5.26 to 19.4)	0.262
Length of recovery (h)	2.09 (− 1.98 to 6.17)	0.314
Relative difference in muscle glycogen immediately post-exercise	− 0.12 (− 0.35 to 0.11)	0.317
Mode of exercise (cycling vs. resistance)	1.84 (− 15.3 to 19.0)	0.833
Study quality (Rosendal score %)	0.92 (− 0.10 to 1.94)	0.076