|
Drive phase
|
|
Lumbar extension (°)
|
− 4.9 ± 4.5
|
− 14.4 ± 9.0
|
− 5.4 ± 3.2
|
− 14.7 ± 9.6
|
− 9.7 ± 8.7
|
− 7.9 ± 8.4
|
− 9.6 ± 8.2
|
− 7.8 ± 9.3
|
|
Lumbar right lateral flexion (°)
|
− 6.1 ± 3.3
|
− 3.9 ± 5.3
|
− 6.3 ± 2.6
|
− 3.9 ± 4.7
|
− 1.8 ± 4.3
|
0.9 ± 3.8
|
− 2.6 ± 4.2
|
1.5 ± 4.1
|
|
Lumbar right axial rotation (°)
|
0.5 ± 2.8
|
− 1.1 ± 2.0
|
0.7 ± 3.1
|
− 1.3 ± 2.1
|
0.6 ± 2.1
|
− 0.2 ± 1.8
|
0.9 ± 2.2
|
− 0.4 ± 2.0
|
|
Trunk extension (°)
|
− 43.9 ± 1.0
|
− 20.5 ± 6.2
|
− 41.9 ± 1.5
|
− 21.1 ± 6.1
|
− 22.4 ± 13.7
|
− 25.0 ± 7.0
|
− 22.9 ± 15.8
|
− 26.9 ± 8.4
|
|
Trunk right lateral flexion (°)
|
20.4 ± 9.1
|
25.1 ± 11.0
|
21.2 ± 8.5
|
24.7 ± 12.0
|
29.2 ± 7.5
|
26.2 ± 9.7
|
29 ± 8.1
|
26.8 ± 10.3
|
|
Trunk right axial rotation (°)
|
− 31.6 ± 5.1
|
− 25.5 ± 15.9
|
− 28.5 ± 3.2
|
− 24.1 ± 14.9
|
− 23.3 ± 9.0
|
− 25.1 ± 10.7
|
− 23.8 ± 10.2
|
− 22.4 ± 11.4
|
|
Pelvis right rotation (°)
|
− 74.7 ± 4.1
|
− 94.9 ± 26.3
|
− 75.6 ± 7.8
|
− 105.3 ± 24.4
|
− 96 ± 13.7
|
− 102.5 ± 12.1
|
− 97.4 ± 15.2
|
− 109.9 ± 14.5
|
|
Pelvis posterior tilt (°)^
|
7.7 ± 1.5
|
− 8.6 ± 4.7
|
4.6 ± 3.7
|
− 10.3 ± 5.1
|
3.1 ± 5.7
|
− 5.5 ± 5.0
|
1.5 ± 6.1
|
− 7 ± 4.6
|
|
Pelvis obliquity (right down) (°)
|
3.3 ± 2.8
|
8.5 ± 4.0
|
3.6 ± 1.1
|
9.3 ± 4.1
|
7.1 ± 3.5
|
9.5 ± 7.0
|
7.1 ± 2.6
|
10.4 ± 8.2
|
|
Lumbar extension angular velocity (°/s)
|
− 189.5 ± 69.0
|
− 179.8 ± 112.8
|
− 156.8 ± 31.6
|
− 190.9 ± 134.2
|
− 253.3 ± 106.2
|
− 150.1 ± 42
|
− 237.4 ± 117.2
|
− 186.3 ± 76.6
|
|
Lumbar right lateral flexion angular velocity (°/s)
|
183.9 ± 22.1
|
200.5 ± 137.9
|
177 ± 27.8
|
203.5 ± 203.0
|
224.5 ± 60.1
|
146.8 ± 42.1
|
210.3 ± 61.7
|
165 ± 61.6
|
|
Lumbar right axial rotation angular velocity (°/s)
|
58.4 ± 36.5
|
54.4 ± 29.1
|
50.2 ± 26.9
|
54.8 ± 33.8
|
62.8 ± 31.9
|
59.3 ± 27.1
|
63.8 ± 35.5
|
53.1 ± 19.9
|
|
Forward-swing phase
|
|
Lumbar flexion (°)*
|
10.4 ± 1.4
|
2.6 ± 3.7
|
11 ± 1.7
|
3.3 ± 3.3
|
5.8 ± 4.6
|
6.3 ± 4.4
|
7.6 ± 4.7
|
6.6 ± 4.4
|
|
Lumbar left lateral flexion (°)
|
− 19 ± 1.5
|
− 16.1 ± 5.2
|
− 18.8 ± 2.4
|
− 16.8 ± 5.2
|
− 16.9 ± 6.2
|
− 11.4 ± 5.2
|
− 17.3 ± 5.5
|
− 10.7 ± 5.2
|
|
Lumbar left axial rotation (°)
|
− 1.6 ± 2.4
|
− 1.5 ± 2.3
|
− 2.1 ± 1.7
|
− 1.7 ± 2.4
|
− 0.7 ± 2.3
|
− 1 ± 1.7
|
− 1 ± 2.4
|
− 1.3 ± 2.1
|
|
Trunk flexion (°)
|
5 ± 10.3
|
16 ± 8.0
|
5.7 ± 5.2
|
15.6 ± 12.1
|
7 ± 19.5
|
6.6 ± 12.9
|
13.5 ± 17.5
|
5.9 ± 11.3
|
|
Trunk left lateral flexion (°)
|
− 37 ± 10.6
|
− 38.5 ± 8.0
|
− 36.5 ± 9.6
|
− 40.1 ± 8.6
|
− 36.1 ± 8.9
|
− 35.4 ± 11.7
|
− 34.6 ± 10.7
|
− 37 ± 8.8
|
|
Trunk left axial rotation (°)
|
− 9 ± 3.2
|
− 9.5 ± 8.4
|
− 7.7 ± 5.7
|
− 11.6 ± 7.6
|
− 6.4 ± 13.4
|
− 6.1 ± 10.4
|
− 10.2 ± 12.2
|
− 6.5 ± 8.5
|
|
Pelvis left rotation (°)
|
− 4.2 ± 12.5
|
− 9.2 ± 14.5
|
− 8.8 ± 14.7
|
− 24.5 ± 16.5
|
− 2.3 ± 10.2
|
− 4.8 ± 12.8
|
− 13.5 ± 10.8
|
− 28.7 ± 20.7
|
|
Pelvis anterior tilt (°)*
|
31.4 ± 6.1
|
22.7 ± 7.9
|
28.7 ± 8.3
|
18.4 ± 8.4
|
33.7 ± 3.6
|
28.5 ± 9.9
|
27.7 ± 6.9
|
22.6 ± 10.5
|
|
Pelvis obliquity (left down) (°)*
|
− 27 ± 4.1
|
− 31.8 ± 6.7
|
− 30.6 ± 1.6
|
− 33.2 ± 7.1
|
− 21.6 ± 9.4
|
− 27.9 ± 3.4
|
− 25.9 ± 6.5
|
− 32 ± 5.0
|
|
Lumbar flexion angular velocity (°/s)
|
258.9 ± 44.8
|
289.5 ± 132.6
|
268.6 ± 57.7
|
316.4 ± 152.4
|
463 ± 360.1
|
241.3 ± 103.2
|
335.3 ± 72.8
|
227.3 ± 75.1
|
|
Lumbar left lateral flexion angular velocity (°/s)
|
− 177.4 ± 78.6
|
− 124.1 ± 91.0
|
− 218.5 ± 71.6
|
− 162.7 ± 130.1
|
− 198.8 ± 88.8
|
− 152.1 ± 44.2
|
− 204 ± 113.9
|
− 134.4 ± 32.9
|
|
Lumbar left axial rotation angular velocity (°/s)
|
− 84.3 ± 26.7
|
− 93.9 ± 56.0
|
− 90.5 ± 40.4
|
− 84.7 ± 56.3
|
− 125.9 ± 129.4
|
− 79.9 ± 75.0
|
− 83.7 ± 33.1
|
− 73.9 ± 41.8
|
