Table 2 Description of the quality of the article, data collection period, sex of participants, sport, number of teams or athletes/players, injury definition used within the study and injury data reported

van Beijsterveldt et al. [60]

16/23

Continuous prospective

6 years

Male

Football

14 clubs

Time-loss

2365 (4.8/1000 h)

20% (58% of muscle injuries were recurrent)

–

–

Bengtsson et al. [64]

11/23

Prospective cohort

16 seasons

Male

Football

64 teams

4088 players

Time-loss

16,087 (25.0/1000 match hours)

219

46.9 injuries/1000 match hours

–

Bjørneboe et al. [37]

13/23

Continuous prospective

6 years

Male

Football

14 clubs

Time-loss

2365 (4.8/1000 h)

20%

–

–

Dvorak et al. [38]

12/23

Prospective

Up to 1 month

Male

Football

32 teams

736 players

All encompassing

125 match (time-loss = 40.1/1000 match hours)

104 training (time-loss = 4.4/1000 training hours)

12 (11.5%)

–

–

Eirale et al. [39]

14/23

Prospective

17 months

Male

Football

36 players

Time-loss

78 (78.0/1000 match hours)

19 (24.4%)

1.9/1000 h

–

Eirale et al. [40]

14/23

Prospective cohort

3 seasons

Male

Football

609 players

Time-loss

826 (4.97/1000 h)

97

–

–

Ekstrand et al. [44]

13/23

Prospective cohort

7 seasons

Male

Football

14 teams

Time-loss

4483

12%

–

–

Ekstrand et al. [43]

11/23

Prospective cohort

4 seasons

Male

Football

23 teams

816 players

Time-loss

516

16%

–

–

Ekstrand et al. [25]

11/23

Prospective, throughout season

1–9 seasons

Male

Football

51 teams

2299 players

Time-loss

2908

16%

–

–

Ekstrand et al. [46]

9/23

Prospective, throughout season

8 seasons

Male

Football

54 teams

2379 players

Time-loss

51

29%

–

–

Ekstrand et al. [41]

14/23

Prospective

1–12 seasons

Male

Football

3487 players

Time-loss

67 fractures (0.037/1000 match hours)

7 refractures (25%)

–

–

Ekstrand et al. [45]

12/23

Prospective cohort

1 season

Male

Football

31 teams

1032 players

Time-loss

393

49 (12%)

–

–

Ekstrand et al. [47]

11/23

Prospective, throughout seasons

8 seasons

Male

Football

46 teams

Time-loss

1488

16%

–

–

Ekstrand et al. [42]

11/23

Long-term prospective observational

13 seasons

Male

Football

36 clubs

Time-loss

1614 (1.2/1000 h)

216 (13%)

–

–

Ekstrand et al. [59]

8/23

Prospective

1–16 seasons

Male

Football

116 teams

Time-loss

22,942

3016 (1.3–48%)

–

–

Ergün et al. [48]

10/23

Prospective

3 years

Male

Football

52 players

Medical attention and time-loss

44 injuries—29 time-loss (30.4 match time-loss injuries/1000 h)

11 (25%)

–

–

Gajhede-Knudsen et al. [49]

10/23

Prospective

1–11 seasons

Male

Football

27 teams

1743 players

Time-loss

8029

12% (27% of Achilles injuries were recurrent)

–

–

Gomez-Piqueras et al. [50]

13/23

Prospective

2 seasons

Male

Football

1 team

71 players

All encompassing

165

12 (22%)

–

–

Hägglund et al. [62]

11/23

Prospective cohort

9 seasons

Male

Football

51 teams

2299 players

Time-loss

139

1 in 5

–

–

Hagglund et al. [61]

14/23

Prospective

9 seasons

Male

Football

26 clubs

1401 players

Time-loss

6140

564 (27%)

–

–

Hägglund et al. [4]

11/23

Prospective

1–14 seasons

Male

Football

43 top-level

19 elite

Time-loss

11,581 top-level (7.2/1000 h), 3836 elite (7.4/1000 h)

1615 (17%) top-level, 794 (25%) elite

1.00/1000 h top-level, 1.52/1000 h elite

–

Gajhede-Knudsen et al. [49]

10/23

Prospective

1–11 seasons

Male

Football

27 teams

1743 players

Time-loss

8029

12% (27% of Achilles injuries were recurrent)

–

–

Larruskain et al. [63]

13/23

Prospective

6 seasons

Male

Football

107 players

Time-loss

160 injuries (1.64/1000 h—7.49/1000 match hours, 0.71/1000 training injuries)

64 (24 (15%) less than 2 months, 40 (25%) within same season)

0.25/1000 h less than 2 months, 0.41/1000 h within same season

–

Larruskain et al. [53]

14/23

Prospective

5 seasons

Mixed

Football

85 players

Time-loss

483 (8.31/1000 h men, 6.3/1000 h women)

135 (31% for men, 23% for women)

2.55 recurrence/1000 h for men, 1.42/1000 h for women

–

Hallen and Ekstrand [51]

12/23

Prospective

1–12 seasons

Male

Football

89 teams

Time-loss

17,371, 5603 muscle injuries

15%

–

–

Jones et al. [52]

10/23

Prospective cohort

1 season

Male

Football

10 teams

243 players

Time-loss

473 (9.11/1000 h)

27.3% hamstring, 20% groin, 10% quads

–

–

Lee et al. [54]

12/23

Prospective

1 season

Male

Football

7 teams

152 players

Time-loss

296 (7.4/1000 h—61.1 for match, 3.4 for training)

52 (21%)

29% early recurrence, 39% late recurrences, 32% delayed recurrence

–

–

Lundblad et al. [55]

10/23

Prospective cohort

11 seasons

Male

Football

27 teams

1743 players

Time-loss

8029—346 MCL injuries (0.33/1000 h—1.31 match, 0.14 training)

11%

–

–

Nordström et al. [56]

11/23

Prospective observational

1–11 seasons

Male

Football

46 teams

1665 players

Time-loss

8695—71 concussions

756 subsequent to concussion

–

–

Noya Salces et al. [57]

11/23

Prospective, throughout season

1 season

Male

Football

16 clubs

427 players

All encompassing

1293—524 match (43.5/1000 h), 769 training (3.6/1000 h)

4.7 in match, 0.4 in training per 1000 h

–

Petersen et al. [58]

11/23

Prospective, throughout season

12 months

Male

Football

16 teams

374 players

All encompassing

46—28 in match (1.82/1000 h), 14 in training (0.12/1000 h)

8 (25%)

–

–

Stubbe et al. [30]

13/23

Prospective

39 weeks

Male

Football

8 teams

217 players

Time-loss

286 (6.2/1000 h)

8%

76 players sustained multiple—40 injured twice, 16 injured 3 times, 11 injured 4 times, 9 injured 5 times or more

0.5 recurrence/1000 h

–

Cross et al. [65]

11/23

Prospective cohort

2 seasons

Male

Rugby

810 players

Time-loss

181 (8.9/1000 h)

–

116.1—144.6/1000 h

–

Fuller et al. [66]

13/23

Prospective, throughout tournament

7 weeks

Male

Rugby

626 players

Time-loss

161 match, 60 training (83.9/1000 h)

9 match, 16 training

–

–

Fuller et al. [67]

14/23

Prospective, throughout tournament

7 weeks

Male

Rugby

615 players

Time-loss

171 match, 35 training (89.1 match, 2.2 training injuries/1000 h)

24 (14%) match, 17% training

–

–

Fuller et al. [2]

14/23

Prospective, throughout tournament

7 weeks

Male

Rugby

639 players

Time-loss

173 match, 20 training (90.1 match, 1.0 training injuries/1000 h)

20 (11.6%) match, 3 (15%) training

–

–

Kenneally-Dobrowski et al. [74]

11/23

Prospective

5 years

Male

Rugby

74 players

Time-loss

30 hamstring injuries—63% training, 37% match

7%

–

–

Kemp et al. [68]

10/23

Prospective, weekly throughout season

3 seasons

Male

Rugby

13 clubs

757 players

Time-loss

155 match, 14 training. 96 match concussions, 5 training

10%

–

–

Ma et al. [69]

14/23

Prospective cohort

3 years

Female

Rugby

552 players

Medical attention and time-loss

15 (32.6/1000 h)

24%

–

–

Moore et al. [27]

13/23

Prospective, throughout tournament

3 years

Male

Rugby

1 team

78 players

Time-loss

144 match (180.0/1000 h), 41 training (4.7/1000 h)

19%

–

–

Moore et al. [70]

10/23

Prospective

3 seasons

Male

Rugby

1 team

Time-loss

648

29% were subsequent

–

59% SIC 10

21% SIC 2, 3 or 4

Pearce et al. [71]

9/23

Prospective

4 seasons

Male

Rugby

899 players

Time-loss

147 (3.3/1000 match hours, 0.09/1000 training hours)

15–20%

–

–

Rafferty et al. [72]

10/23

Prospective, throughout season

4 years

Male

Rugby

4 teams

429 players

Time-loss

2441 injuries—1602 match (94.5—177.0/1000 h), 514 training

18% greater risk of injury after concussion

–

–

Toohey et al. [75]

12/23

Prospective cohort

2 seasons

Mixed

Rugby

90 players

Medical attention

365

43.2/1000 h

95.2% players sustained at least 1 subsequent injury

–

80.7% SIC VIII, 10.3% SIC VII, 6.1% SIC VI

Williams et al. [73]

10/23

Prospective cohort

8 seasons

Male

Rugby

1556 players

Time-loss

9597 time-loss—6903 match, 2617 training

8180 (85%) subsequent injuries—6063 in match, 2087 in training

–

70% were “new”

14% were “local”

16% were “recurrent”

Junge et al. [81]

10/23

Prospective, throughout championships

16 days

Mixed

Multi-events

92 teams

9672 athletes

Medical attention

1055 (96.1 per 1000 registered athletes)

47 (5.5%)

–

–

Alonso et al. [76]

11/23

Prospective

8 days

Mixed

Athletics

49 teams

1980 athletes

Medical attention

105 time-loss injuries (53.0 time-loss per 1000 athletes)

15 (8%)

–

–

Alonso et al. [77]

13/23

Prospective

9 days

Mixed

Athletics

47 teams

1486 athletes

Medical attention

236 (135.4/1000 registered athletes)

10.6%

–

–

Alonso et al. [78]

15/23

Prospective

9 days

Mixed

Athletics

61 countries

1512 athletes

Medical attention

249 (134.5/1000 registered athletes)

23 (9.3%)

–

–

Edouard et al. [79]

14/23

Prospective, throughout championship

3 days

Mixed

Athletics

440 athletes

Medical attention and time-loss

30 injuries—8 time-loss (47.5/1000 registered athletes)

1

–

–

Edouard et al. [80]

15/23

Prospective, during championship

5 days

Mixed

Athletics

1244 athletes

Medical attention and time-loss

132 (98.4/1000 registered athlete, 46.2 time-loss/1000 registered athletes)

8 (6.1%)

–

–

Moore et al. [70]

10/23

Prospective

3 years

Male

Cricket

1 team

Medical attention and time-loss

286—96 time-loss

90% were subsequent

–

51% SIC 10

8% SIC 7 or 8

5% SIC 2, 3, 4 or 6