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Table 1 Summary of the acute responses of redox homeostasis variables in adolescent athletes with an overview of the variables examined, the type of activity and sampling times, and the main findings in relation to each variable

From: Redox Homeostasis and Inflammation Responses to Training in Adolescent Athletes: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Author and date, sport

Participants

Redox status variables examined

Type of activity and sampling times

Main findings

da Costa et al. 2011 [49] , soccer

10 trained male soccer players, age 18.3 ± 0.7 years

TPAP, MDA, CK, LOOH

Blood samples before, during, and after a Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST)

Immediately after the test athletes had: ↓TPAP, ↑MDA, CK, ↔LOOH

Dane et al. 2008, [46], athletics

19 controls, age 18.8 ± 1.9 years, and 20 male runners, age 18.6 ± 2.0 years

MDA, GPx, SOD

Pre- and post-running on a treadmill

Runners after test had: ↔MDA, GPx, SOD

Djordjevic et al. 2010 [9], handball

24 male young handball players, age 16.1 ± 0.6 years

O2, H2O2, GSH, CAT, TBARS, SOD, NO2

Blood samples pre- and post a graded exercise test (GXT) on a bicycle ergometer

Post-test athletes had: ↑TBARS, NO2, O2, H2O2 ↓SOD, CAT, GSH

Djordjevic et al. 2012 [47], handball

58 adolescent males and 19 control, age 16–19 years

O2, H2O2, NO2, SOD, TBARS, CAT, GSH

Blood samples pre- and post of a graded exercise test (GXT) on a bicycle

At rest athletes displayed: ↑NO2, SOD, CAT, GSH, ↓TBARS, ↔ O2, H2O2. Post-test athletes had: ↓O, ↔TBARS, CAT, GSH, SOD, NO2, H2O2

Escobar et al. 2009 [30], soccer

18 adolescent males, age 17.0 ± 0.5 years

SOD, CAT TBARS, PC

Pre- and post-10× (2 × 200 m) sprints with 30 s rest between each 200 and a 90-s rest after two consecutive sprints

After the test, athletes had: ↑TBARS, PC, SOD, CAT

Hammouda et al. 2012 [31], soccer

18 male football players, age 17.5 ± 0.4 years

Bilirubin, UA, TAS

Blood samples were collected 5 min before and 3 min after a 30 s Wingate test

After exercise athletes had: ↑UA, TBIL, TAS

Hamurcu et al. 2010 [50], wrestling

18 adolescent males and 18 controls, age 13–15 years

8-OHdG, NO, PON1

Pre- and post of 1.5 h of wrestling exercise

After test wrestlers had: ↑NO, ↔PON1, 8-OHdG

Inal et al. 2000 [32], swimming

5 males and 4 females and 6 males and 10 females for 100 and 800 m swim, age 15–21 years

GSH, GPx, CAT

Measures pre-, post-, 20 min post, and 40 min post 100 m and 800 m swimming tests

After both swim tests, athletes had: ↑GPx, CAT, ↓GSH

Kabasakalis et al. 2014 [33], swimming

15 adolescent males and 15 females, age 14–18 years

8-OHdG, MDA, PC, GSH, UA, bilirubin

Pre-, post-, 1 h, 24 h post-2000 m continuous and 6 × 50 m intermittent maximal swim

Male swimmers had: ↑MDA both trials, ↓GSH 24 h post both trials, ↑UA, bilirubin 24 h intermittent test, ↔ PC

Kabasakalis et al. 2019 [51], swimming

16 males, age 15.9 ± 1.0 years, and 16 female swimmers, age 15.4 ± 1.0 years

Irisin, GSH, TAC, 8-OHdG

Pre- and post of two sets of 4 × 50 m maximal freestyle swimming separated by 10 min

In pooled males and females: ↑GSH, TAC at post 1 and at post 2 trials

Kyparos et al. 2009 [35], rowing

19 international level rowers, 18.5 ± 0.9 years

GSH, GSSG, TAC, CAT, TBARS, PC

Blood samples pre- and post a simulated 2000 m rowing race, on a rowing ergometer

After test rowers had: ↓GSH/GSSG ↔GSH, ↑GSSG, TBARS, PC, TAC, CAT

Kurkcu et al., 2010 [34], basketball

7 adolescent females and 55 male adolescents, age 15.3 ± 1.8 years

TAS, OSI, TOS, LOOH

Pre- and post a circuit exercise program

After the exercise program, athletes had: ↑TOS, OSI, ↓TAS, ↔LOOH

Maric 2018 [52], basketball

12 female athletes, age 17.8 ± 4.1 years

TBARS, GSH, CAT, SOD, O2, H2O2, NO

Pre- and post a continuous or HIIT aerobic training (high-intensity interval training)

After continuous: ↓NO, TBARS, CAT. After HIIT: NO, ↑CAT

Nikolaidis 2007 [24], swimming

11 adolescent males and 11 females, age 11–13 years

GSH, GSSG, TBARS, PC, TAC

Pre- and post of 12 bouts of 50 m swimming at 70–75 %, with 1 min rest periods

Post-test, in both genders: ↓GSH, GSH: GSSG, ↑GSSG, TBARS, CAT, PC, TAC

Otocka-Kmiecik et al. 2010 [42], n/a

32 physically active adolescents, age 18.4 ± 2.6 years

PON, FRAP, ARE, UA, bilirubin, TBARS

All participants completed a maximal exercise on a treadmill

After the test sportsmen had: ↑UA, FRAP, ↔ PON, ARE, bilirubin

Otocka-Kmiecik et al. 2014 [48], n/a

26 physically active and 20 sedentary adolescents, age 17.0 ± 1.0 years

PON, FRAP, UA, bilirubin, TBARS, ARE

Participants performed a maximal exercise on a treadmill

After test physical active adolescents had: ↑UA, FRAP, ↔ PON, ARE, bilirubin

Sopic et al. 2014 [53], soccer

16 soccer players, age 18.1 ± 0.3 years

O2, MDA, SH, TAS, TOS, PAB

Pre- and after a single soccer training

After a single training, athletes had: ↓SH-groups, TOS, PAB, ↔O2, MDA, TAS

Tauler et al. 2008 [43], swimming

15 adolescent males, mean age of 16 years and 8 females, age of 14.7 years

MDA, CI, various vitamins

Pre- and post a swimming session

After the session, swimmers had: ↔ PC both in boys and in girls, ↑MDA increased in boys

Tian et al. 2010 [44], athletics

12 adolescent males, age 16–17 years

TBARS, GSH, UA, XO, SOD, CAT

Pre-, post-, 2 h- ,4 h-, and 24 h- post of 21 km run

Athletes had 2 h post: ↑UA, CAT; 4 h post: ↑UA, GSH, ↓XO; 24 h post: ↑TBARS, CAT

Tong et al. 2013 [45], athletics

10 adolescent runners, age 15.5 ± 1.3 years

TBARS, XO, CAT, GSH, SOD, T-AOC

Pre- and post a 21-km run, twice a year

At preseason and post 21 km run, athletes had: ↓TBARS, SOD, ↔XO, CAT, T-AOC, GSH

Zalavras et al. 2015 [26], athletics

13 trained (TAD) and 11 untrained (UAD) adolescents, age 14.1 ± 1.1 years and 14.8 ± 0.9 years, respectively

TAC, GSH, CAT, TBARS, PC, UA, bilirubin

Athletes were monitored at pre-, post-, and 1 h post of a maximal test at the beginning of the season, after 6 (mid) and after 11 months (post) of training

After test at pre-season, athletes had: post and 1 h post ↑PC, TBARS, UA, bilirubin, only post ↑CAT, TAC, and ↔GSH

  1. O2 superoxide anion radical, H2O2 hydrogen peroxide, XO xanthine oxidase, NO nitric oxide, NO2- nitrite, GSH reduced glutathione, GSSG oxidised glutathione, SH sulfhydryl groups, TBARS thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, MDA malondialdehyde, LOOH lipid hydroperoxide, PC protein carbonyls, PON paraoxonase activity-1, CI carbonyls index, AOPP advanced oxidation proteins, 8-OHdG 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, SOD superoxide dismutase, CAT catalase, GPx glutathione peroxidase, TAC total antioxidant capacity, TAS total antioxidant status, TOS total oxidative status, T-AOC total antioxidant capacity, OSI oxidative stress index, PAB pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance, ARE arylesterase activity, FRAP ferric reducing ability of plasma, UA uric acid, TPAP total plasma antioxidant potential, CK creatine kinase