Table 1 Summary of the included studies
From: Test–Retest Reliability of the One-Repetition Maximum (1RM) Strength Assessment: a Systematic Review
Study | Sample | Warm-up protocol | Number of days between the assessments | Rest between attempts | Average or allowed number of 1RM attempts | Number of familiarization sessions | Adverse events |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amarante do Nascimento et al. [21] | 45 untrained older women | 1 set × 6–10 repetitions (~50% 1RM) | 2 days | 3–5 min | 3 allowed attempts | 0 | None |
Augustsson et al. [22] | 30 young resistance-trained men and women | 10 min of cycling and 15 squats; 2 sets × 10 repetitions (20 kg); 1 set × 10 repetitions (5 kg) | 2–7 days | 5 min | Average of 4.5 to 5.7 attempts | 1 | None |
Augustsson et al. [23] | 41 young resistance-trained women | 5-min cycling; 1 set × 15–20 repetitions (with an empty barbell) | 5–9 days | 1 min | Median of 4 to 5 attempts | 0 | None |
Barbalho et al. [26] | 376 untrained older women | 1 set × 8 repetitions (40–50% 1RM); 1 set × 6 repetitions (50–60% 1RM) | 2-3 days | 5 min | Up to 3 allowed attempts | 0 | None |
Benton et al. [24] | 19 young to middle-aged untrained women | 2 sets × 5–10 repetitions (~40% 1RM); 1 set × 3–5 repetitions (~60% 1RM) | At least 1 day | 2–3 min | Within 3-5 attempts | 0 | Quadriceps muscle pain in one participant |
Benton et al. [25] | 10 untrained middle-aged women | 1 set × 10 repetitions (~40% 1RM); 1 set × 5 repetitions (~60% 1RM) | At least 1 day | 3 min | Within 5 attempts | 0 | None |
Buckley and Hass [16] | 46 individuals with Parkinson’s disease (sex not specified) | 1 set × 10 repetitions (“low resistance”), with incremental increases in load | At least 3 days | Not presented | Within 5 attempts | 2 | None |
Carabello et al. [27] | 57 untrained older men and women with mobility limitations | Not presented | 7 days | 2 min | Not reported | 0 | None |
Comfort and McMahon [28] | 45 male and female collegiate athletes | The National Strength and Conditioning Association protocol | 3–5 days | 3 min | Up to 6 allowed attempts | 0 | None |
Ellis et al. [29] | 24 older adults with chronic heart failure | 1 set × 5–10 repetitions (~50% 1RM) | 2–5 days | 3–5 min | Up to 4 allowed attempts | 0 | Slight chest discomfort in one participant |
Faigenbaum et al. [30] | 36 young male athletes | 10 min of dynamic movement activities, 5 sets × 1–2 repetitions (~50–90% 1RM) | 3–7 days | 3 min | Within 3-5 attempts | 0 | None |
García-Ramos et al. [31] | 30 young resistance trained men | 10 min of jogging, stretching, and shoulder mobilization, 1 set × 5 repetitions (17 kg), and progressive increases in load | At least 2 days | 5 min | Not reported | 2 | None |
Grosicki et al. [32] | 32 untrained and trained older men and women, and 16 young untrained and trained men and women | 1 set with minimal weight, 1 set × 3 repetitions (~40–60% 1RM), 1 set × 3 repetitions (~60–80% 1RM) | At least 2 days | 3–5 min | Not reported | 1 | None |
Hageman et al. [33] | 31 middle-aged and older untrained women | 1 set with minimal weight, 1 set × 3 repetitions (~40–60% 1RM), 1 set × 3 repetitions (~60–80% 1RM) | 7 days | 3 min | Up to 5 allowed attempts | 0 | None |
LeBrasseur et al. [34] | 30 young untrained men, 31 older untrained men, and 39 untrained older men with mobility limitations | Not presented | 2–7 days | Not presented | Not reported | 0 | None |
Levinger et al. [18] | 53 untrained middle-aged men and women | 1 set × 10 repetitions (“light load”), and progressive increases in load | 4–8 days | 1 min | Within 3–6 attempts | 1 | Mild soreness in some participants |
McCurdy et al. [35] | 30 young untrained men and women, and 22 resistance-trained young men and women | 1 set × 5–10 repetitions (“light load”), 1 set × 5 repetitions (load increased by 10–20%) | At least 2 days | 3–5 min | Within 5 attempts | 1 | None |
McCurdy et al. [36] | 16 young resistance-trained men and women | Upper-body stretches; 2 sets × 5 repetitions (“light load”); 1 set × 2–3 repetitions (with increased load) | 4 days | 2–3 min | Not reported | 2 | None |
Neto et al. [37] | 16 young resistance-trained men | 3-min cycling and progressive increases in load each warm-up set | 3–5 days | 5 min | Not reported | 0 | None |
Patterson et al. [38] | 58 young resistance-trained men and women | 1 set × 6 repetitions (minimal weight on the machine) | 3–7 days | 1 min | Up to 6 allowed attempts | 0 | 3 participants could not perform the leg press due to lower-body injuries (not clear if the injuries occurred during testing) |
Phillips et al. [39] | 47 untrained older men and women | 5-min cycling; 1 set × 5–10 repetitions (“light load”) | Nonconsecutive days | 1–2 min | Not reported | 3 | None |
Ribeiro et al. [40] | 24 young untrained men and women | 1 set × 6–10 repetitions (~50% 1RM) | 2–3 days | 3–5 min | Up to 4 allowed attempts | 1 | None |
Ribeiro et al. [41] | 67 resistance-trained men, classified as novice, intermediate, or advanced trainees | 1 set × 6–10 repetitions (~50% 1RM) | 2–3 days | 3–5 min | Up to 3 allowed attempts | 1 | None |
Rydwik et al. [42] | 23 untrained older men and women, and 11 trained older men and women | 5-min walking; 1 set × 10 repetitions (lowest load on the machine) | 7 days | 1–2 min | Average of 6 attempts | 0 | Mild soreness in 3 participants |
Salem et al. [43] | 30 untrained middle aged and older women and men | 1 set × 3 repetitions (submaximal load) | 7 days | Not reported | Within 3 attempts | 0 | 13 participants reported soreness and one participant aggravated a previous back injury |
Schroeder et al. [44] | 116 untrained older men | 5-min walking or cycling; 1 set × 5 repetitions (~50% 1RM); 1 set × 3–5 repetitions (~75% 1RM) | 7–10 days | 90 s | Up to 8 allowed attempts | 0 | Sore joints in 11 participants and fatigue in 2 participants |
Scott et al. [45] | 13 resistance-trained men | 5-min cycling; 1 set × 10 repetitions (~50% 1RM); 1 set × 5 repetitions (~70% 1RM); 1 set × 1 repetition (~90% 1RM) | 7 days | 3 min | Within 3-6 attempts | 1 | None |
Seo et al. [46] | 30 young trained men and women | 5-min cycling; 1 set × 8–10 repetitions (~50% 1RM) | 2 days | 1 min | Within 5 attempts | 1 | None |
Sugiura et al. [47] | 20 young untrained men | 10-min cycling; 2–3 sets with the smallest load | 1–3 days | 3 min | Not reported | 0 | None |
Tagesson and Kvist [48] | 37 untrained young men and women | 10-min cycling; 2–3 sets with the smallest load | 1–3 days | 3 min | Up to 8 allowed attempts | 0 | Stiffness in hip and knee in two participants and one participant aggravated a previous back injury |
Tiggemann et al. [49] | 10 untrained young men, 10 recreationally active men, and 10 resistance-trained men | 1 set × 12 repetitions | 2–4 days | 3–5 min | Within 5 attempts | 2 | None |
Urquhart et al. [50] | 14 untrained young men | 2 sets × 10 squats, 10 lunges, and 10 butt kicks; 1 set × 5 repetitions (60% 1RM); 1 set × 3 repetitions (75% 1RM); 1 set × 2 repetitions (85% 1RM); 1 set × 1 repetition (90% 1RM); 1 set × 1 repetition (100% 1RM) | 4–5 days | 4 min | Up to 4 allowed attempts | 1 | None |